Term
| the SVC, brachiocephalic vein, arch of aorta, thoracic duct, trachea, esophagus, thymus, vagus nerve, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, and phrenic nerve are located in which region of the mediastinum? |
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Definition
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Term
| the anterior inferior mediastinum contains what structures? |
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Definition
| thymus, lymph nodes, and connective tissue |
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Term
| the middle inferior mediastinum contains what structures? |
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Definition
| pericardium, heart, roots of great vessels, arch azygos vein, main bronchii |
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Term
| the esophagus, thoracic aorta, azygos, hemiazygos, vagus nerve, sympathetic trunks, and splanchnic nerves are located in what region of the mediastinum? |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false, all systems of the body are represented in the mediastinum? |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false, most people will die from cancer? |
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Definition
| false, most will die from heart disease |
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Term
| what percentage of people have some form of CVD? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the US and other developed countries? |
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Definition
| congenital and acquired heart diseases |
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Term
| how many americans die from heart disease annually? |
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Definition
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Term
| how long has CVD been the leading cause of death in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the leading forms of CVD in order? |
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Definition
| HTN, CAD, MI, angina, CHF, stroke |
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Term
| what major medical advancement occurred between 280 and 270 B.C.? |
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Definition
| the greeks discovered the heart was a pump |
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Term
| what are the three layers of the pericardium and where are they located? |
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Definition
| fibrous pericardium lines the outermost portion, the serous pericardium is composed of two layers the parietal layer lining the inner pericardial cavity and the visceral layer lining the heart structure |
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Term
| what are the attachment points of the fibrous pericardium and what is its purpose? |
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Definition
| superiorly to the tunica adventitia of the great vessels, to the central tendon of the diaphragm, to the posterior surface of the diaphragm; it protects the heart against overfilling |
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Term
| true or false, there is supposed to be a space between the parietal and visceral portions of the serous pericardium? |
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Definition
| false, it only exists in pathological states |
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Term
| define pericarditis and how is it caused? |
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Definition
| inflammation of the pericardium, by viral or bacterial infection (common from dental cleaning) |
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Term
| describe cardiac tamponade and how is it caused? |
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Definition
| when fluid develops in the pericardial cavity leading to elevated venous pressure (JVD) due to aortic aneurism, ruptured MI, or penetrating injury |
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Term
| what is the treatment for cardiac temponade and how is it performed? |
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Definition
| pericardiocentesis, needle is inserted into "bare area of pericardium" (located at lower left portion of sternum) to aspirate fluid |
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Term
| what is the transverse pericardial sinus and what is its significance? |
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Definition
| it is a space located at the superior region of the heart where the great vessels enter, it is clamped in coronary bypass surgery to halt blood flow to the heart temporarily |
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Term
| what are the auricles of the heart? |
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Definition
| small conical pouches that project from the atria |
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Term
| what surface features separate the atria from the ventricles of the heart and what vessels reside there? |
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Definition
| the coronary sulcus, the coronary sinus |
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Term
| what surface features separate the ventricles of the heart and what vessels reside there? |
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Definition
| the anterior and posterior interventricular grooves, the great cardiac vein and the middle cardiac vein, respectively |
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Term
| what are the main veins of the heart and where are they located? |
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Definition
great, middle, small, and anterior cardiac veins and coronary sinus;
great - ant. intervent. sulcus
middle - post. intervent. sulcus
small - at right margin
anterior - at SVC and heart border
coronary sinus - within the coronary sulcus |
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Term
| what are the main arteries of the heart and where are they located? |
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Definition
right and left coronary artery, right marginal branch, circumflex, left anterior descending (or ant. intervent. art.), posterior interventricular branch and SA node branch;
RCA - right atrium and runs inferiorly
RMB - right inferior portion and runs to left
PIB - resides in post. intervent. groove
LCA - left atrium and runs inferior
LAD - same
Circ. - same
SA node branch - right atrium and runs superiorly |
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Term
| what coronary vessel gives rise to the right marginal branch, the SA node branch, and the posterior interventricular branch? |
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Definition
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Term
| what coronary vessel gives rise to the circumflex and the anterior interventricular artery (or LAD)? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is heart side dominance determined? |
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Definition
| wether the RCA or circumflex gives rise to the posterior interventricular branch |
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Term
| the majority of people are what side dominant in the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe heart vascular pattern |
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Definition
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Term
| how is blood flow to coronary arteries visualized? |
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Definition
| via a coronary arteriogram, uses an x ray and dye injected into proximal aorta via a catheter |
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Term
| what are the three most common sites of coronary arterial occlusion in order? |
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Definition
anterior interventricular branch (widow maker)
right coronary artery
circumflex branch |
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Term
| what two common vascular structures are utilized in coronary bypass surgery? |
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Definition
| internal thoracic artery and saphenous veins |
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Term
| what is percutaneous transluminal angioplasty? |
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Definition
| a peripherally inserted catheter is guided to the site of arterial occlusion and a balloon is inflated to open the occlusion |
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Term
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Definition
| after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty a mesh cylinder is placed at the site of occlusion to prevent further plaque buildup |
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Term
| what shape in the transverse plane do the four chambers of the heart form? |
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Definition
| a diamond; the LA is posterior, the RV is anterior, and the RA and LV are to the right and left, respectively |
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Term
| the anterior wall of the RA contains what that gives its rough texture? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| true or false the posterior wall of the RA is smooth? |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false, the coronary sinus has a valve at the entrance to the RA? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of the papillary muscles? |
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Definition
| they contract to prevent prolapse of the AV valves |
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Term
| what are the parts of the AV valves and their attachments? |
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Definition
| cusp, tendinous chords, papillary muscles, septomarginal trabeculae (attaches muscles to endocardium) |
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Term
| what is the function of the trabeculae carneae? |
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Definition
| to provide an irregular surface for the interior ventricle to prevent suction effects |
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Term
| true or false, the ventricles contain anterior and posterior papillary muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| what causes the "lub" "dub" sounds of the heart? |
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Definition
| the closure of the AV and semilunar valves, respectively |
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Term
| where are the regions of the heart located in the chest? |
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Definition
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