Term
|
Definition
| drifting closure of AV cusps d/t not enough pressure to keep open during systole |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| midsystolic closure of MV leaflets |
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Term
| List 3 main types of Cardiomyopathy. |
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Definition
Dialated, Hypertrophic and Restrictive
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Term
| What is Dialated Cardiomyopathy also known as? |
|
Definition
Congestive Cardiomyopathy
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Term
| What is the most common known reason for DCM? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common reason for DCM not due to CAD? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the #1 reason for a misdiagnosis with DCM? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does a DCM manifest when due to pregnancy? |
|
Definition
From last month to 5 or 6months post delivery
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|
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Term
| What symptoms do patients with DCM present? |
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Definition
Dyspnea on exertion(most common) and fatigue
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Term
| What signs are present with DCM? |
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Definition
JVD, pitting edema, tachycardia, fine crackles in lungs, grayish skin tone
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Term
| What is the chance that post pardom women have that their EF will return to normal w/DCM? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What effect does DCM have on EF? |
|
Definition
Usually EF decreases to 35% or below
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|
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Term
| Why does DCM create a favorable environment for thrombus? |
|
Definition
| Globally decreased wall thickening & motion |
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|
Term
| What M-mode finding with DCM indicate elevated LVEDP? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is seen on M-mode relating to the aortic valve with DCM? |
|
Definition
Drifting closure of cusps
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|
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Term
|
Definition
spontaneous contrast-swirling of blood cells in ventricles where blood is not being moved(usually abnormal)
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|
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Term
| What is the #1 risk factor w/Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy? |
|
Definition
Mental and/or physical stress
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|
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Term
| Who does Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy most commonly affect? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What 2D findings do you see with Takotsubo? |
|
Definition
Apical and basal ballooning of LV
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|
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Term
| Define Restrictive Cardiomyopathy. |
|
Definition
Primary myocardial disease in which ventricular walls become stiffened which results in decreased LV filling.
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Term
|
Definition
Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy
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|
|
Term
| What is the #1 cause of RCM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are signs and symptoms of amyloidosis? |
|
Definition
#1 inc RA pressures, JVD, Hepatomegally/Pulsative liver, Periferal edema
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|
|
Term
| How are all RCMs diagnosed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Are RCMs systolic or diastolic problems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a good way to remember the etiology for Tacotsubo |
|
Definition
Middle aged women with stress eat a lot of taco’s and subs J
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|
Term
| What do onset symptoms of Takotsubo resemble? |
|
Definition
| Acute myocardial infarction |
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|
Term
| What treatment is available for Amyloidosis? |
|
Definition
| No proven treatment available |
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|
Term
| What does Sarcoidosis mimic? |
|
Definition
| Constrictive pericarditis |
|
|
Term
| What are sonographic findings for sarcoidosis? |
|
Definition
| Localized thinning and dilaton of LV, appear aneurismal, abnormal diastolic and systolic function, bilateral atrial enlargement. |
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Term
| Which RCM is due to increased iron deposits in cell tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which RCM is due to chronic elevation of eosinophils? |
|
Definition
| Loffler’s or endomyocardial fibrosis |
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|
Term
| This RCM is a left sided inherited disorder that is characterized by a diffuse fibrosis or hyperplasia of endocardium in infants and children |
|
Definition
Endomyocardial fibroelastosis
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|
|
Term
| Which RCM causes fibrosis of the TV and MV? |
|
Definition
Endomyocardial fibrosis/loffler’s
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|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for hemochromatosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common etiology for HCM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main concern for HOCM? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common etiology for HOCM? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the usual EF for HOCM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the venture effect caused by? |
|
Definition
Thick walls, hyperdynamic LV and small aortic tract, mid systolic closure of AV.
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|
|
Term
| What is the best way to tell if an obstruction is present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen on EKG with HOCM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ASH and what general Cardiomyopathy is it seen with? |
|
Definition
Asymetrical Septal Hypertrophy, HOCM
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|
|
Term
| What is the most common etiology for IHSS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Septal wall 3X thicker than posterior(measure) |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for spade heart |
|
Definition
Yamaguchi’s or Apical Hypertrophic CMP
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|
|
Term
| What is seen with spade heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a blood clot within the pulmonary system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Three risk factors for thrombus formation:
Stasis, Endolethial Injury, Hypercoagulability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what will happen if there is a >50% decrease blood flow through the pulmonary system? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| which of these is NOT a sign/symptom of pulmonary embolism: dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea, syncope, hypotension |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is the most common cause of pulmonary embolism? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| regional RV dysfunction showing a hyperkinetic apex with severely hypokinetic mid and basal walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which of these is NOT a 2D finding for pulmonary embolism:
possible RAE, RVH, "D" sign, visualization of thrombus in RA, "Flying W" on A wave, paradoxical septal bounce |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is the most common cause of systemic hypertension? |
|
|
Term
| False. If either # is higher, patient has HTN. |
|
Definition
| True or False: for a patient to be diagnosed with HTN, both the systolic BP must be >140 mmHg and the diastolic BP must be >90 mmHg. |
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Term
|
Definition
| True or False: LVH >1.3 cm is a typical 2D finding for HTN |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fatigue, dyspnea, syncope, cyanosis, hemoptysis |
|
Definition
| Name three signs/symptoms of PHTN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which side of the heart are the effects of PHTN primarily seen on? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| signature sign for PHTN on 2D |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| True or False: decreased or absent "A"wave on PV M-Mode is also known as "Flying W"? |
|
|
Term
| stenosis, regurgitation, or infection |
|
Definition
| What are the 3 reasons why a native valve would be replaced? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| reduces orifice size and is considered a man-made stenosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lists all the information pertaining to a patient's valve replacement including its size |
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Term
|
Definition
| True or False: paravalvular leaks are seen around the valve perimeter? |
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Term
|
Definition
| names for tissue/animal prosthetic valves |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the main mechanism of failure for tissue valves? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which are more likely to become infected with endocarditis: tissue or mechanical valves? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True or False: mechanical valve motion is best assessed by M-Mode to record maximum disk motion? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The best tool to assess a prosthetic valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What tissue valves appear most similar to native valves? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the most common failure of a Homograft Valve? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the name of the process where a patient's own PV is used to replace his/her diseased aortic valve? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An animal tissue valve that is treated with gluteraldehyde which helps them last longer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True or False: a bovine valve is more likely to have the problem of size mismatch? |
|
|
Term
treated with gluteraldehyde
can be used in mitral, aortic, and tricuspid positions
low thrombogenicity
do not normally leak
durable- last 10 to 15 years |
|
Definition
| Name at least 3 characteristics of Porcine Valves |
|
|
Term
Advantage: unlimited range of sizes
Disadvantage: don't last as long as Porcine Valves |
|
Definition
| What is the main advantage and main disadvantage of Bovine Pericardial Valves? |
|
|
Term
| valvular regurgitation or stenosis |
|
Definition
| What is the most common method of failure of Bovine Valves? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True or False: mechanical valves are more appropriate than tissue valves for a young women who don't plan on pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
more durable than tissue valves
resistant to infection but prone to abcess
can develop Pannus
have small amount of regurge unique to each type
have increased incidence of thrombogenicity
|
|
Definition
| Name at least 3 characteristics of mechanical prosthetic valves? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mechanical valve that has two "U" shaped struts that form a cage around a silastic ball occluder. |
|
|
Term
| ball would swell and freeze in the open(usually) or closed position. |
|
Definition
| What is the most common method of failure for the Ball-in-Cage Valve? |
|
|
Term
| Single Disk Tilting Disk Valve |
|
Definition
| What mechanical valve was designed to mimic the natural patterns of blood flow? |
|
|
Term
| the struts would tend to fracture due to fatigue |
|
Definition
| What is the main problem with the Single Tilting Disk Valve? |
|
|
Term
60 degree
70 times/minute |
|
Definition
| The Single Tilting Disk valve opens at a _________angle and closes shut completely at a rate of ________. |
|
|
Term
| Bi-Leaflet Tilting Disk Valve |
|
Definition
| mechanical valve consisting of two semi-circular leaflets that pivot on hinges. |
|
|
Term
| Bi-Leaflet Tilting Disk Valve |
|
Definition
| prosthetic valve that provides the closest approximation to central flow achieved in a natural heart valve. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| True or False: as of yet, there is no known failure associated with the bi-leaflet tilting disk valve? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Bi-Leaflet Tilting Disk Valve leaflets swing open _____, ______ to the direction of blood flow. |
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