Term
| Define Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) |
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Definition
| Diagnosis of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease or dysrhythmia |
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Term
| Define Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) |
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Definition
| Aka: CAD- coronary artery disease or CHD- coronary heart disease. Patients have some type of blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| Patients who have a problem with the mechanical functioning of the pump. Not the same thing as having a blockage |
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Term
| Define Peripheral vascular disease |
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Definition
| Patients with blockages in ARTERIES in the arms or legs rather than the heart |
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Term
| Define Cerebrovascular disease |
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Definition
| Patients with or at high risk for stroke (CVA- cerebrovascular accident) or transient ischemic attack (TIA- the lay person terminology is “mini-stroke”) |
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Term
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Definition
| Patients with an abnormality in the heart’s conduction system |
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Term
| Define Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) |
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Definition
| Patients with clots in the veins of their legs or arms (as opposed to the arteries). DVT and PE are not technically considered CVD, though they are vascular diseases. If a patient has just DVT or PE as a diagnosis, they would not be considered to have DVT |
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Term
| Define Pulmonary Embolism (PE) |
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Definition
| Condition closely related to DVT that specifically describes patients with a blood clot in the pulmonary venous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Swelling of the facial area, which could include tongue, lips, or throat |
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Definition
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Definition
| Slow HR (<60 beats per minute) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Situated away from the center of the body |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Appropriate intravascular volume status |
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Term
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Definition
| Pocket of blood extravasated in tissue |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Death of tissue due to lack of blood flow |
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Definition
| A decrease in blood flow or supply |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty breathing while supine, usually definited by the degree of elevation needed to improve breathing |
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Term
| Define Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea |
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Definition
| Intermittent shortness of breath at night, usually awakens a person |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Denoting the back of a surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Nearest to the trunk or the point of origin |
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Term
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Definition
| Fast heart rate (>100 beats per minute) |
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Term
| Does a person with hypertension or dyslipidemia have cardiovascular disease? |
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Definition
| No, they have conditions that increase their risk for developing CVD. |
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Term
| Describe the role of a Chest X-Ray |
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Definition
-variety of organ systems to be seen (cardiac, pulmonary, vascular, skeletal)
-NOT sensitive
-cannot evaluate mechanical or electrical function of the heart
-cannot diagnose heart disease
-may help lead physician to a more appropriate diagnostic test |
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Term
| Describe the role of a Venography |
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Definition
-Radiopaque contrast dye injected into peripheral veins
-most definitive test to assess for thrombosis within the veins “gold standard”
-invasive
-expensive (rarely used clinically)
-several adverse effects
-provides visualization of entire lower extremity venous system |
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Term
| Describe the role of an Ultrasonography |
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Definition
-non-invasive
-inexpensive
-looks for thrombosis in the deep veins of the extremities
-done at bedside
-Advantage: sensitive to detect large thrombi that occlude proximal veins
-Disadvantage: insensitive to smaller nonocclusive thrombosis and calf vein thrombosis
-1st line diagnostic test used to assess for DVT
Technique: emission of high-pitched sound waves through a transducer |
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Term
| Describe the role of a Doppler within an ultrasonography |
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Definition
| Determines rate of blood flow through reflections of sound waves off red blood cells |
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Term
| Describe the role of a Real-time B-Mode within an ultrasonography |
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Definition
| Visualization of leg veins by means of transducer that emits high frequency sound waves that reflect off soft tissue |
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Term
| Define a Duplex within an ultrasonography |
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Definition
| Combination of Doppler and real-time B-mode |
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Term
| Describe the role of a Pulmonary Angiography |
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Definition
radiopaque contrast dye injected into the pulmonary artery
-most definitive test to assess for thromboembolism in pulmonary arteries “gold standard”
-invasive
-expensive (rarely used in clinical practice)
-several adverse effects |
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Term
| Describe the role of a Spiral Computed Tomography (CT Scan) |
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Definition
-CT scanning technology with contrast dye to evaluate the pulmonary arteries
-most common method used to evaluate PEs
-noninvasive
-good at detecting the most pulmonary emboli
-option for 1st line diagnostic testing for PE |
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Term
| Describe the role of a D-Dimer |
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Definition
-simple blood test to asses active clotting
-D-dimer is formed when cross linked fibrin in lysed by plasmin
-D-dimer level elevated with active thrombosis . . . also elevated by inflammation, cancer, and aging (therefore id the D-dimer is above normal it DOES NOT confirm that there is an active thrombosis
-D-dimer level is normal this excludes “rules out” active thrombosis (DVT or PE)
-adjunct to objective diagnostic testing
-D-dimer is a degradation products of fibrin |
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Term
| Describe the role of an Electrocardiogram(EKG or ECG) |
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Definition
-identify myocardial infarctions and arrhythmias
-also drug effects and electrolyte abnormalities
-electronic leads placed in various locations on body to allow for picture of heart’s electrical activity
-12 leads placed to look at electrical activity from several angles |
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Term
| Describe the role of an Echocardiogram (echo) |
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Definition
-ultrasound of the heart
-looks at mechanical function of the heart (how the heart is moving around and pumping)
-performed on the chest (transthoracic echocardiogram or TTE)
-probe can also be inserted into the esophagus (atria close to esophagus= clearer more sensitive) – transesophageal echocardiogram or TEE
Various functions: movement of heart walls, systolic/diastolic function, valvular function, presence of thrombus or infection |
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Term
| Describe the role of Exercise testing |
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Definition
-assess hearts function under a period of stress
-aid in assessment of ischemic heart disease |
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Term
| Describe the role of an Exercise Tolerance Test |
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Definition
| Standard exercise regimen on a treadmill or bicycle during continuous ECG, blood pressure, and heart rate. Echo performed during the test so that both mechanical and electrical function can be assessed simultaneously during CV exertion |
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Term
| Describe the role of a Pharmacologic Stress Test |
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Definition
Alternative for patients unwilling or unable to physically exercise for an Exercise Test
Common agents: dobutamine, adenosine, and/or dipyridamole |
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Term
Describe the role of a Cardiac Catheterization
Aka cardiac cath, cath, cardiac angiogram, angiogram |
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Definition
-incision made near the groin area to access the femoral vein (allows vascular access to the coronary arteries and heart chambers)
-blockages can be found and opened with procedures called angioplasty where stents can be placed to keep the artery open (Left Heart Cath)
-Right Heart Cath
-comprehensive evaluation of the cardiac anatomy |
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Term
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Definition
The ability to generate an electrical impulse independently
Ex: if the SA nose- the primary cardiac pacemaker-dose not send an impulse, another area of the heart will “take over” and generate an impulse) |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of a cell to respond to a stimulus and conduct or initiate an action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| The cell is in a state of recovery from previous electrical stimulus and is temporarily resistant (or “refractory”) to another stimulus |
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Term
| Define Conduction Velocity |
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Definition
| The speed of forward movement of an electrical impulse |
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Term
| What happens during the P-wave, R-wave, QRS complex, and T-wave? |
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Definition
P-wave: atrial depolarization
R-wave: obliterates any visualization of atrial repolarization
QRS complex: depolarization of the ventricle
T-wave: represents repolarization of the ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| Depolarization of the atria and refractory period of the AV node |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows the full depolarization and repolarization of the ventricle |
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Term
| List the cardiovascular tests that are invasive |
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Definition
Venography
Pulmonary Angiography
Cardiac Catheterization |
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Term
| List the cardiovascular tests that are non-invasive |
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Definition
Chest X-Ray
Ultrasonography
Spiral Computed Tomography (CT) scan
Aka: Helical CT scan
Electrocardiogram
Echocardiogram (could be invasive if obese)
Exercise testing |
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Term
| What test(s) is/are most appropriate to test for a Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)? |
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Definition
Venography
Ultrasonography
D-Dimer |
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Term
| What test(s) is/are most appropriate to test for Pulmonary Embolisms (PE)? |
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Definition
Pulmonary Angiography
Spiral Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
D-Dimer |
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Term
| How can troponins be used to measure a MI? |
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Definition
Related in response to ventricular injury
More specific to cardiac tissue than CK-MB
-Starts to risk 3-12 hours after injury
-Peaks ~24 hours
-Returns to normal around day 5-6 |
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Term
| How can Creatine Kinase Myocardial Band(CK-MB) be used to measure a MI? |
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Definition
Also released in response to cardiac muscle injury
-starts to rise 3-12 hours after injury (some test can show quicker rise)
-Peaks ~24 hours, but returns to normal around day 2-3 |
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