Term
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Definition
| ACH. Neurotransmitter of parasympathetic (cholinergic) nerves; stimulates the cholinergic receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptor located on internal organs that responds to norepinephrine and epinephrine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmits sensory info. from peripheral organs to the brain and spinal cord (CNS). |
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Term
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Definition
| ANS. System of nerves that innervate smooth and cardiac muscle (involuntary) of the internal organs and glands. |
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Term
| Cholinergic (Muscarinic) Receptor |
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Definition
| Receptor located on internal organs and glands that respond to acetylcholine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carries the appropriate motor response from the CNS to the peripheral organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| EPI. Hormone from adrenal medulla that stimulates adrenergic receptors, especially during stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| Response of the body to intense stress; caused by activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal state of balance among the body's internal organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance that stimulates internal organs to produce characteristic changes associated with sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| NE. Neurotransmitter of sympathetic (adrenergic) nerves that stimulates the adrenergic receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to nerves of the ANS that originate in the brain and sacral portion of the spinal cord; they are active when the body is at rest or trying to restore body energy and function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to nerves of the ANS that originate from the thoracolumbar portion of the spinal cord; they are active when the body is under stress or when it is exerting energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chest pain caused by insufficient blood flow to the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hardening or fibrosis of the arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Accumulation of fatty deposits in the walls of arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atrioventricular, as in the AV node. |
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Term
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Definition
| CHF. Heart disease caused by weakness of the contractile force of the myocardium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized cardiac tissue that transmits electrical impulses and regulates the activity of the heart. |
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Term
| Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) |
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Definition
| Disease of the coronary arteries that decreases blood flow to the heart. Due to atherosclerosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The decrease in electrical potential across a cell membrane that results in excitation and generation of an action potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| ECG. Recording of the electrical activity of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition of insufficient tissue blood flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| MI. Sudden death of an area of heart muscle, commonly referred to as a heart attack. |
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Term
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Definition
| The muscular layer of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Return of the electrical potential across a cell membrane to its resting state following depolarization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sinoatrial, as in SA node. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug used to restore normal cardiac rhythm. Slow phase 0, prolong phases 1-3, decrease phase 4. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder of cardiac conduction and electrical impulse formation. Often caused by electrolyte imbalance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Quinidine toxicity, which is characterized by ringing in the ears (tinnitus), dizziness & headache. |
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Term
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Definition
| Area of the heart from which abnormal impulses originate. Usually caused by a block or delay in the normal system. |
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Term
| Premature Atrial Contraction (PAC) |
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Definition
| Premature contraction of the atria, usually caused by an ectopic focus. |
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Term
| Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC) |
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Definition
| Premature contraction of the ventricles, usually caused by an ectopic focus. |
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Term
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Definition
| An arrhythmia caused by administration of an antiarrhythmic drug. |
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Term
| Supraventricular Arrhythmia |
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Definition
| Arrhythmia that originates above the AV node in the atria. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of proarrhythmia that causes ventricular tachycardia, hypotension and fainting. Caused by drugs that prolong the QT interval. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most serious arrhythmia; usually a terminal event where ventricular contractions are no longer able to effectivley pump blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Artery that supplies blood flow to the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Angina pectoris caused by increased physical exertion. Predictable, stopping activity will provide some comfort. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aka: Prinzmetal Angina. Angina pectoris caused by vasospasm of the coronary arteries. Unpredictable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enables the heart to initiate its own electrical stimulation (excitation and subsequent contraction). Each cell could contract on its own. |
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Term
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Definition
| Myocardium/myocytes. Myofibrils: Myosin(thick) & Actin (thin). Contraction generates pressure,which is the driving force to eject blood. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in volume or resistance(ΔP=Q*R), leads to high pressure. Heart needs more pressure to eject blood to the body. |
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Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
| Brain & Spinal Chord. Controls & coordinates activity of all the systems in the body. |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
12 Cranial Nerves & 31 Spinal Nerves.
Divided into Somatic (voluntary) and Visceral(ANS). |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve responsible for parasympathetic innervation of the heart. |
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Term
| Beta Adrenergic Receptors |
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Definition
| Beta 1: cardiac specific. Positive Chronotropic (heart rate),Inotropic (contraction) & Dromotropic (conduction) effects. |
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Term
| Alpha 1 Adrenergic Receptors |
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Definition
Peripheral vasoconstriction (BP up).
Positive Inotropic (contraction) effect.
Negative Chronotropic (heart rate) effect. |
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Term
| Alpha 2 Adrenergic Receptors |
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Definition
| Reduce magnitude of sympathetic effects effects by blocking release of norepinephrine. Causes vasodilation (BP down). |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates. Drug that binds to a receptor & activates a physiologic response or drug action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blocks. Drug that binds to a receptor & interferes with other drugs or substances from producing a drug effect. Ex.Naloxone;blocks morphine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Originate below the AV node. Can lead to V-Tach (Ventricular Tachycardia). Amiodarone often used. |
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Term
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Definition
0=QRS (Depolarization).
0-4=QT Interval. |
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Term
| Vaughn-Williams Classification |
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Definition
Class 1: 1A(moderate),1B(mild),1C(marked),Anesthetic, Na blocker.
Class 2: Beta-Blockers.
Class 3: K blocker.
Class 4: Ca blocker. |
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Term
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Definition
| Local anesthetics activity. Blocks influx of Na ions during excitation & depol. Slows depol. & conduction during phase 0. Prolongs refractory periods. Decreases automaticity of heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1A. From bark of Cinchona tree. Treats: Supraventricular Arrhy.(atrial fib. & atrial flutter), some Ventricular Arrhy. General cardiac depressant, contraction down, heart rate down, conduction down. Rarely used due to wide range of adverse and toxic effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1A. General cardiac depressant. Heart Rate down. Similar to Quinidine w/fewer side effects. Can given thru IV. Most freq. 1A drug used. |
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Term
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Definition
1B. Mostly for Ventricular Arrhy., especially ones from MI or surgery.
No good for Atrial Arrhy. Depresses automaticity. Usually IV, short response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beta-Blockers. Antagonizing effects of norepinephrine & epinephrine. Heart Rate down. SA,AV,Atrial & Vent. muscle automaticity & conduction down. Mainly for Supraventricular Arrhy. and to prevent MIs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Class 2. Widely used. Slows conduction and prolongs repolarization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Class 2. Very short duration. Used in emergency to lower heart rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Potassium channel blockers. Blocks efflux of K during repolarization during phases 1-3. Prolongs refractory period. |
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Term
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Definition
| Class 3. One of the most freq. prescribed. Blocks K,Na & Ca. Used for Supraventricular Arrhy. Decrease heart Rate (increase Qt interval, lengthen PR and QRS complex). |
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Term
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Definition
| Class 3. Prolongs refractory period. Slows AV conduction. Decreases automaticity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium channel blocker. Decreases influx of Ca in phase 2. Slows depol. and heart rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Class 4. Effects pacemaker cells. Decreases SA node activity. Decreases AV node conduction. Used for rapid AV nodal arrhythmias. |
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Term
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Definition
| Class 4. Antihypertensive, some antiarrhythmic properties. Potent vasodilator. |
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Term
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Definition
| HR below 60BPMs. Atropine: HR,BP,AV conduction up. Pacemaker. |
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Term
| Atrial Flutter/Fibrillation |
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Definition
Flutter: 250-350BPMs. Fib:> 350.
Beta-Blockers, Ca blockers & Digoxin. Slow AV conduction to protect ventricles. Anticoagulants to prevent clots. Cardioversion(shock) can also be used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vasodilators of systemic arteries & veins. Preload & afterload down. BP down. Less work for heart, less O2 needed. Sublingual, prophylaxis. Dizziness,headache,flushing,fainting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seen with severe CAD. Aggressive treatment needed w/antiangina & antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs. Bypass surgery. |
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Term
| Beta-Blockers; Antianginal |
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Definition
| Reduces heart rate and therefore reduces the work of the heart, less O2 needed. For long term angina sufferers. |
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Term
| Calcium Channel Blockers; Antanginal |
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Definition
| Reduce BP (afterload), reduce work, less O2 needed. Best for variant angina. |
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Term
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Definition
Nitrate. 2.5mg-40mg. Onset in 2-5 min. for sublingual, 30 min for the rest.
Lasts 2-3 hrs, but up to 12 for controlled release capsules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nitrate. 20-120mg. Onset in 30 min. Lasts 6-12 hrs, based on dosage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nitrate. .3-3mg. Onset in 1-3 min. for sublingual. 30 mins for paste,patch & er tablets. Lasts 30 min for sublingual, 4-24 hrs for paste,patch & er tablets. |
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Term
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Definition
| General term for undesirable & potentially harmful drug efect. If prolonged it is harmful. Ex.diarrhea, vomiting, kidney failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Name that defines the chemical composition of a drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| Situations or conditions when a certain drug should not be administered. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug that has the potential for abuse & thus is regulated by law. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measurement of the amount of drug that is administered. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical substance that produces a change in body function. Ex. Water, vitamins,insecticides. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intended or indicated uses for any drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| Effective dose 50, or dose that will produce an effect that is half of the maximal response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonproprietary name of a drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lethal dose 50, or dose that will kill 50% of the lab animals tested. |
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Term
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Definition
| Explanation of how a drug produces its effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aka: Over-the-Counter(OTC) Drug. Drug that can be purchased w/o the services of a physician. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Measure of the strength, or concentration, of a drug required to produce a specific effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug for which dispensing requires a written or phone order that can only be issued by or under the direction of a licensed physician. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific cellular structure that a drug binds to & that produces a physiologic effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug effect other than the therapeutic effect that is usually undesirable but not harmful. More of a nuisance; dry mouth, tiredness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Location within the body where a drug exerts it therapeutic effect, often a specific drug receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Desired drug effect to alleviate some condition or symptom of disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ratio of the LD50 to the ED50 in animal studies. LD50/ED50. Estimate of the relative safety of a drug. Only used in animal testing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Undesirable drug effect that implies drug poisoning; can be very harmful or life-threating. Must stop, antidote. Ex.Proarrthymia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Patented proprietary name of a drug sold by a specific drug manufacturer; also referred to as the brand name. |
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Term
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Definition
| Percentage of the drug dosage that is absorbed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Entrance of a drug into the bloodstream from its site of administration. The more lipid soluble, the faster the action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition of drug abuse & drug dependence that is characterized by compulsive drug behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition of reliance on the use of a particular drug, characterized as physical or psychological dependence. |
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Term
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Definition
Elimination of the drug from the body.
Renal,GI,Respirtory & Misc. (sweat,milk,saliva). |
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Term
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Definition
| Passage of a drug from the blood to the tissues & organs of the body. 3 main factors; 1.Plasma Protein Binding 2.Blood Flow 3.Specific tissue barriers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The enzymatic biotransformation of a drug into metabolites. |
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Term
| Drug Microsomal Metabolizing System (DMMS) |
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Definition
| Group of enzymes located primarily in the liver that function to metabolize (biotransformation) drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased drug effect occurring after repeated drug administration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in the amount of drug-metabolizing enzymes after repeated administration of certain drugs. Decreases the duration of the drug effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes by certain drugs. Increases the duration & intensity of drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug metabolim that occurs in the intestines & liver during oral absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Time required for the body to reduce the amount of drug in the plasma by 1/2. |
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Term
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Definition
| Difference in the effects of drugs & drug dosages from one person to another. |
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Term
| Intramusclar Injection (IM) |
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Definition
| Route of drug administration; drug is injected into gluteal or deltoid muscles. Action in minutes. |
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Term
| Intravenous Injection (IV) |
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Definition
| Route of drug administration; drug is injected directly into a vein. Action in 1 minute. |
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Term
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Definition
| Initial drug dose administered to rapidly achieve therapeutic drug concentrations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dose administered to maintain drug blood levels in the therapeutic range. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aka;PO. Route of drug administration; by way of the mouth through swallowing. Safest most convenient. 30-60 min absorption. |
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Term
| Parenteral Administration |
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Definition
| Route of drug administration that does not involve the GI tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes the processes of drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism & drug excretion. |
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Term
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Definition
Plants; Digitalis,codine,morphine.
Animals; insulin,growth hormone.
Laboratories |
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Term
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Definition
| When drugs compete for the same receptor site. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reponse to any drug depends on the amount given. Plotted on a graph. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aka. Time-Plasma Drug Concentration Curve. Relationship of the drug response over time (duration of action). |
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Term
| Food & Drug Administration (FDA) |
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Definition
| Establishes guidelines that govern the approval & use of all drug. 2 requirements; Proof of Effectiveness (efficacy) & Safety. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that produce birth defects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that promote cancer growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused when the body produces antibodies against the drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| Federal Comperhensive Drug abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970. Meant to reglate certain drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs with high a abuse potential and no accepted medical use. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs with a high abuse potential and accepted medical use. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs with moderate abuse potential and accepted medical use. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs with low abuse potential and accepted medical use. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs with low abuse potential and accepted medical use. |
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Term
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Definition
Aqueous Prep: Water & sugar solution. Alcoholic Prep: 15/20% alcohol
Solid & Semisolid: Most common. |
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Term
| Types of Solid & Semisolid Drugs |
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Definition
| Powders, Tablets (compressed powders), Lozenges, Capsules, Delayed Release, Suppositories & Ointments. |
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Term
| Factors Of Individual Variation of Drugs |
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Definition
| Age, weight, sex, genetics, emotional state, placebo effect, disease & patient compliance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug exposure should br avoided in the 1st Trimester. Drugs are classified by risk to the fetus. Recommended to avoid unnecessary drug use during nursing. |
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