Term
The drug suffix -'osin'
refers to which type of drugs |
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Definition
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Term
| Prazosin and Clonidine have what type of action |
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Definition
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Term
| The drug suffix-'lol' refers to what type of drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Aliskiren inhibit? |
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Definition
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Term
| The drug suffix 'ine' refers to what type of drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| The drug suffix 'pril' refers to what type of drug? |
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Definition
ACE Inhibitors
(ACE=angiotensin converting enzyme) |
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Term
| The drug suffix 'sartan' refers to waht type of drug? |
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Definition
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers |
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Term
| Name 5 types of drugs used to treat Hypertension |
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Definition
| Diuretics, Beta blockers, vasodilators, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors |
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Term
| List 3 examples of Beta blockers |
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Definition
Atenolol
Betaxolol
Metoprolol
Propanolol
Timolol |
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Term
| Centrally Acting Adrenergic Blockers |
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Definition
| Clonidine and alpha-methyldopa |
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Term
| Angiotensin converting enzyme converts __________into _____________ |
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Definition
| Angiotensin I into angiotensin II |
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Term
| How does Angiotensin II increase blood pressure? |
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Definition
| By stimulating aldosterone, which causes retention of sodium in the kidneys, and in turn the retention of water. |
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Term
| Describe the mechanism of ACE inhibitors |
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Definition
| By inhibiting the action of ACE, angiotensin II is not secreted, thus aldosterone is not stimulated and blood volume is not increased. Thus blood pressure does not increase, reducing hypertension |
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Term
| Name 2 side effects of ACE inhibitors |
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Definition
| Hyperkalemia (too much potassium)and photosensitivity, dry cough |
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Term
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Definition
Captopril
Enalapril
Lisinopril
Ramipril |
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Term
| Describe another mechanism of inhibiting the effects of angiotensin II other than ACE inhibitors |
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Definition
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers |
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Term
| What 2 conditions are Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers used to treat |
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Definition
Congestive Heart Failure
Hypertension |
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Term
| How do Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers reduce blood pressure? |
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Definition
blocking vasoconstriction
blocking aldosterone secretion |
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Term
| Name 2 Side effects of angiotensin II receptor blocker |
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Definition
Hyperkalemia
Cough (though not as bad as with ACE inhibitors) |
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Term
| Name 3 Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers |
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Definition
Bisoprolol
Losartan
Valsartan |
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Term
| Name 4 Side effects of Calcium channel blockers |
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Definition
CONSTIPATION
flushing
dizziness
fatigue
hypotension
headache |
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Term
| Describe how vasodilators reduce blood pressure |
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Definition
| They cause the relaxation of vascular muscle, which in turn causes dilation of blood vessels, thereby reducing peripheral resistance and thus blood pressure. |
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Term
| What other types of drugs are vasodilators used in combination with? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do vasodilators cause headaches? |
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Definition
| The dilation of blood vessels in the brain causes headaches. |
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Term
| Name 2 Side effects of vasodilators |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 of the 3 vasodilators mentioned in the notes |
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Definition
Fenoldopam
Hydralazine
Minoxidil (Rogaine) |
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Term
| What are the first 2 methods of treating mild to moderate hypertension |
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Definition
Prescribe a diuretic
Decrease sodium intake in diet |
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Term
| How do diuretics promote water loss? |
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Definition
By blocking reabsorption of Na and Cl
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Term
| Name the 2 most common type of diuretics |
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Definition
Thiazide Diuretics
Thiazide-like diuretics |
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Term
| On what part of the nephron do the thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics act? |
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Definition
| On the distal convoluting tubules and collecting ducts. |
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Term
| What is a common side effect of thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic? |
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Definition
Loss of potassium (hypokalemia)
loss of sodium
jaundice
possibly gout |
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Term
Name 2 Thiazide diuretics
Name 2 Thiazide-like diuretics |
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Definition
Hydrochlorothiazide and Polythiazide
Chlorthalidone and Indapamide |
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Term
| How do Loop diuretics compare in strength to thiazides? |
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Definition
| They have a much more rapid and potent effect than thiazides. |
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Term
| Name two conditions loop diuretics are used to treat |
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Definition
Acute pulmonary edema (CHF)
Hypertension
Hypercalcemia |
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Term
| Name 3 side effects of loop diuretics |
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Definition
OTOTOXICITY
hypokalemia
hyponatremia (reduced sodium levels) |
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Term
| Name 3 examples of loop diuretics |
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Definition
Furosemide
Ethacrynic acid
Bumetanide |
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Term
| Why are potassium sparing diuretics better than loop diuretics? |
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Definition
| they produce a mild diuresis without affecting potassium levels |
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Term
| What type of diuretic is spironolactone and how does it work? |
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Definition
It is a potassium sparing diuretic
It decreases Na reabsorption by blocking aldosterone. |
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Term
| How do Amiloride and Triamterene affect diuresis? |
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Definition
| They are potassium sparing diuretics that work by blocking the epithelial sodium channels |
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Term
| Which parts of the nephron do potassium sparing diuretics work on? |
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Definition
| Distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts. |
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Term
| Name a common side effect of potassium sparing drugs and describe a way to avoid this side effect. |
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Definition
SE: hyperkalemia
Best to pair with a loop/thiazide diuretic to balance out potassium levels. |
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Term
| Out of the 4: chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL and HDL which is the largest? Which is the most dense? |
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Definition
Chylomicrons are the largest
HDL's are the most dense |
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Term
| What is the suffix for HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the best drug for increasing good cholesterol levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does Ezetimibe affect hyperlipidemia? |
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Definition
| Ezetimibe is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor |
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Term
| How do Bile acid sequestrants reduce hyperlipidemia? |
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Definition
| They bind with bile salts in GI, forming insoluble complexes, so fats cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream, they are excreted instead. |
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Term
Name 4 drug types for reducing hyperlipidema.
Which is the most effective for reducing cholesterol and LDL levels? |
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Definition
Bile Acid Sequestrants
HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)
Fibric Acid Derivatives
Cholesterol Absorption Blockers
HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors are most effective |
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Term
| Name 2 SE of Bile Acid Sequestrants |
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Definition
Constipation
Steatorrhea
Reduced ability to absorb fat-soluble vitamins (vit D,A,K,E) |
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Term
| Name 2 Bile Acid Sequestrant Drugs |
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Definition
Cholestyramine
Colestipol |
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Term
| What are the side effectsof Niacin/Nicotinic Acid? |
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Definition
Intense cutaneous flush
Pruritus (itchiness)
gout.
Reduce these side effects by taking aspirin before the medication |
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Term
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Definition
Atorvastatin(Lipitor)
Simvastatin (Zocor-prodrug)
Vytorin (Zocor/Zetia) |
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Term
| Name 3 Contraindications for Statins |
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Definition
Liver problems (hepatotoxicity)
Muscle problems (myopathy)
Contraindicated for pregnancy |
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Term
| Describe the action of Fibric Acid Derivatives |
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Definition
Block lipolysis of stored TG's
-block hepatic of FAs
inhibit TG production |
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Term
| What lipid types do Fibric Acid derivatives affect? |
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Definition
| They decrease VLDLs and TG, while increasing HDLs. |
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Term
| Name 2 Fibric Acid Derivatives and name 2 common side effects |
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Definition
Clofibrate and Gemfibrozil.
SE: Easy brusing and epistaxis (nose bleeds) |
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Term
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Definition
| They are structurally analagous to HMG-CoA and thus they inhibit HMG-CoA Reductase. HMG CoA Reductase plays a role in cholesterol production, thus its inhibition disrupts to synthesis of cholesterol |
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Term
| Which type of drug can cause a decline in plasma triglycerides? |
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Definition
| The Fibrates (Fibric Acid Derivatives) |
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Term
| What is the action of Verapamil? |
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Definition
| It is a Calcium channel blocker |
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Term
| Peripherally Acting Adrenergic Blockers |
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Definition
| Guanethidine, Prazosin, Reserpine and Phenoxybenzamie |
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