Term
| angina of effort, classic angina, atherosclerotic angina |
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Definition
| angina pectoris (crushing, strangling chest pain) that is precipitated by exertion |
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Term
| vasoplastic angina, variant angina, prinzmetal angina |
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Definition
| angina precipitated by reverisble spasm of coronary vessels, often at rest |
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Term
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Definition
| older, incorrect name for drugs useful in angina; some are ineffective in angina |
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Term
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Definition
| industrial disease caused by chronic exposure to vasodilating concentrations of organic nitrates in the workplace; characterized by headaches, dizziness, and tachycardia on return to work after two days absence |
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Term
| Nitrate tolerance, tachyphylaxis |
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Definition
| Loss of effort of a nitrate vasodilator when exposure is prolonged beyone 10-12 hours |
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Term
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Definition
| rapidly progressing increase in frequency and severity of anginal attacks; an acute coronary syndrome that often heralds imminent myocardial infarction |
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Term
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Definition
| filling pressure of the heart dependent on venous tone and blood volume; determines end diastolic fiber length and tension |
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Term
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Definition
| impendance to ejection of stroke volume; determined by arterial blood pressure and arterial stiffness, determines systolic fiber tension |
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Term
| intramyocardial fiber tension |
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Definition
| force exerted by myocardial fibers, especially ventricular fibers at any given time; a primary determinant of oxygen requirement |
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Term
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Definition
| the product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure; an estimate of cardiac work |
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Term
| myocardial revascularization |
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Definition
| mechanical interventrion to improve oxygen delivery to the myocardium by angioplasty or bypass grafting |
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|
Term
| what are ranolazine effects on the heart |
|
Definition
reduced cardiac oxygen demand
improved cardaic oxygen utilization |
|
|
Term
| how does ranolazine improve cardiac oxygen utilization |
|
Definition
| it shifts the energy substrate of the heart from fatty acids to glucose |
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|
Term
| when do you prescribe ranolazine |
|
Definition
| for prophylaxis of angina |
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|
Term
| what are toxicities of ranolazine |
|
Definition
prolongation of the QT interval
inhibits CYP3A and 2D6
nausea, constipation, and dizziness |
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|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of Ivabradine |
|
Definition
| blocks pacemarker sodium current in sinoartrial node this reduces cardiac rate |
|
|
Term
| what will ivabradine be used to treat |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| what is the mechanism of action of nitrogylcerin |
|
Definition
| releases nitric oxide, increases cGMP, and relaxes vascular smooth muscle |
|
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Term
| what are the clinical uses of nitroglycerin |
|
Definition
acute stable (sublingual form) and unstable angina
angina prophylaxis
hypertension |
|
|
Term
| what are the toxicities of nitroglycerin |
|
Definition
| tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, and headache |
|
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Term
| what is the mechanism of action of nifedipine |
|
Definition
dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker;
vascular>cardiac effects |
|
|
Term
| what are the clinical applications of nifedipine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the mechanism of action of diltiazem |
|
Definition
| blocks L type calcium channels in smooth muscle and heart; decreases intracellular calcium |
|
|
Term
| what are the clinical applications of diltiazem |
|
Definition
| hypertension, angina, and antiarrhythmic |
|
|
Term
| what is the mechanism of action of verapamil |
|
Definition
| block L type calcium channels in smooth muscle and heart; decrease intracellular calcium |
|
|
Term
| what are the clinical applications of verapamil |
|
Definition
| angina ( both atherosclerotic and vasospastic), hypertension, AV-nodal, arrythmias; migraine |
|
|
Term
| what are the toxicites of verapamil |
|
Definition
constipation, pretibial edema, flushing, dizziness
higher doses: cardiac depression, hypotension |
|
|
Term
| what is captopril, enalapril and other -prils mechanism of action |
|
Definition
it is an ace inhibitor
reduces angiotensin II and aldestrone secretion
increases bradykinin |
|
|
Term
| what are the clinical application of -prils? |
|
Definition
| hypertension and heart failure |
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|
Term
| what are the toxicities of the -prils? |
|
Definition
| dry cough, tetratogenic, hyperkalemia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| family of vasoactive peptides associated with tissue injury and inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| family of peptides synthesized in brain, heart, and other tissues, |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| peptides with prominent roles as neurotransmitters or modulators; many have potent smooth muscle effects |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| family of enzymes that activate peptides by hydrolysis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| group of 3 potent neuropeptides, substance P, neurokinin A, and neurokinin B |
|
|
Term
| what is nesiritide mechanism of action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the clinical applications of nesiritide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the toxicities of resiritide |
|
Definition
| renal damage and hypotension |
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|
Term
| what is the mechanism of action of bosentan |
|
Definition
| ETa and ETb receptor antagonist |
|
|
Term
| what are the clinical applications of bosentan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the toxicities of bosentan |
|
Definition
| hepatic impairment; possible teratogen |
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Term
|
Definition
| macromolecular complexes in the blood that transport lipids |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins on the surface of lipoproteins, they play critical roles in the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism and uptake into cells |
|
|
Term
| Low density lipoprotein (LDL) |
|
Definition
cholesterol rich lipoprotein whose regulated uptake by hepatocytes and other cells requires functional LDL receptors
|
|
|
Term
| what is elevated LDL concentration associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| high density lipoprotein (HDL) |
|
Definition
| cholesterol rich lipoprotein that transports cholesterol from the tissues to the liver |
|
|
Term
| what is a low concentration of HDL associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) |
|
Definition
| triglyceride and cholesterol rich lipoprotein secreted by the liver that transports trigylcerides to the periphery; precursor to LDL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase
enzyme catalyzes the rate limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an enzyme found primarily on the surface of the endothelial cells that releases free fatty acids from triglycerides in lipoproteins
the first free fatty acids are taken up into cells |
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|
Term
| proliferator-activated receptor-alpha |
|
Definition
member of a family of nuclear transcription regulation that participate in the regulation of metabolic processes
target of the fibrate drugs and omega-3 fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| what are the statins mechanism of action |
|
Definition
| competitively inhibit HMG-CoA reductase |
|
|
Term
| what are the clinical applications of statin drugs |
|
Definition
| atherosclerotic vascular disease (primary and secondary prevention) acute coronary syndromes |
|
|
Term
| what are the toxicities of statin drugs |
|
Definition
| myopathy, hepatic dysfunction, and teratogen |
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|
Term
| what is the mechanism of action of colestipol |
|
Definition
| it prevents reabsorption of bile acids from the gastrointestinal tract |
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|
Term
| what is the clinical application of colestipol |
|
Definition
| elevated LDL cholesterol, pruritus |
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|
Term
| what is the mechanism of action of ezetimibe |
|
Definition
| it reduces intestinal uptake of cholesterol by inhibiting sterol transporter |
|
|
Term
| what is the clinical application of ezetimibe |
|
Definition
| elevated LDL cholesterol, phytosterolemia |
|
|
Term
| what are the toxicities of ezetimibe |
|
Definition
| rarely, hepatic dsyfunction, myositis |
|
|
Term
| what are the toxicities of colestipol |
|
Definition
| constipation and bloating |
|
|
Term
| what is the mechanism of action of niacin |
|
Definition
decreases VLDL synthesis and LDL cholesterol concentrations
increases HDL cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| what is the clinical application of niacin |
|
Definition
| low HDL cholesterol, elevated VLDL and LDL |
|
|
Term
| what are the toxicities associated whti niacin |
|
Definition
| gi irritation, flushing, hepatic toxicity, hyperuricemia, may reduce glucose tolerance |
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|
Term
| what is the mechanism of action of gemfibrozil |
|
Definition
| peroxisome proliferative activated receptor-alpha agonist |
|
|
Term
| what is the clinical applications of gemfibrozil |
|
Definition
| hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol |
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|
Term
| what are the toxicities associated with gemibrozil |
|
Definition
| myopathy, hepatic dysfunction, cholestasis |
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