Term
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Definition
| volume of blood pumped each minute by each ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| spontaneous depolarization occurs at SA node allowing NA+ in |
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Term
| Regulation of stroke volume |
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Definition
1. EDV end diastolic volume
2. Total peripheral resistance
3. Contractility |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of blood left in the ventricles after the diastole |
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Term
| Total peripheral resistance |
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Definition
| frictional resistance in the arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| strenght of ventricular contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased EDV results in increased contractility and thus increased stroke volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive accumulations of interstitial fluids |
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Term
| regulation of blood volume by kidneys |
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Definition
| The formation of urine begins with filtration of fluid through capillaries in the kidneys called glomeruli |
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Term
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Definition
antidiuretic hormone:produced by hypothalamus and released when osmoreceptors there detect increased plasma osmolarity.
stiumulates water reabsorption |
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Term
| Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
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Definition
| When blood pressure is low, cells in the kidneys (juxtaglomerular apparatus) secrete the enzyme renin |
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Term
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Definition
Vasoconstriction of small arteries and arterioles
Stimulates thirst center in hypothalamus
Stimulates production of aldosterone in adrenal cortex |
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Term
| Atrial natriuretic peptide: |
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Definition
produced by the atria of the heart when stretch is detected
Promotes salt and water excretion in urine in response to increased blood volume |
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Term
| laws regulating blood flow |
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Definition
Blood flows from higher concentration to lower concentration
Mean arterial pressure and vessel radius (r) are therefore the most important factors in blood flow. |
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Term
|
Definition
norepinephrine, epeniphrine- vasoconstriction
acetylcholine-Vasodilation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Paracrine control: Molecules produced by one tissue control another tissue within the same organ |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains lots of mitochondria and respiratory enzymes, thus is metabolically active |
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Term
| regulation of blood flow through skeletal muscles |
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Definition
| Vasodilation is stimulated by both adrenal epinephrine and sympathetic acetylcholine |
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Term
| circulatory changes during excercise |
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Definition
Increased cardiac output
Metabolic vasodilation
Diversion of blood away from viscera and skin |
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Term
|
Definition
| the skin can handle the most fluctuation in blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
| the skins way of regulating body temperature, |
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Term
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Definition
Affected by blood volume/stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, and cardiac rate
Increase in any of these will increase blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sympathoadrenal system stimulates vasoconstriction of arterioles (raising total peripheral resistance) and increased cardiac output |
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Term
|
Definition
Activated by changes in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses
Increased blood pressure stretches these receptors, increasing action potentials to the vasomotor and cardiac control centers in the medulla |
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Term
| baroreceptor reflux mechanism |
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Definition
| Fall in blood pressure = ↑ sympathetic and ↓ parasympathetic activity, resulting in increased heart rate and total peripheral resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| A blood pressure cuff produces turbulent flow of blood in the brachial artery, which can be heard using a stethoscope; called sounds of Korotkoff |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between blood pressure at systole and at diastole |
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Term
|
Definition
high blood pressure
increased risk of cardiac diseases and stroke |
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Term
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Definition
Increased salt intake coupled with decreased kidney filtering ability
Increased sympathetic nerve activity, increasing heart rate
Responses to paracrine regulators from the endothelium |
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Term
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Definition
Vascular damage within organs, especially dangerous in the cerebral vessels and leading to stroke
Ventricular overload to eject blood, leading to arrhythmias and cardiac arrest
Contributes to the development of atherosclerosis |
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Term
| treatments of hypertension |
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Definition
Lifestyle modification: limit salt intake; limit smoking and drinking; lose weight; exercise
K+ (and possibly calcium) supplements
Diuretics to increase urine formation
Beta blockers to decrease cardiac rate
ACE inhibitors to block angiotensin II production |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when there is inadequate blood flow to match oxygen usage in the tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| Due to low blood volume from an injury, dehydration, or burns |
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Term
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Definition
| Dangerously low blood pressure due to an infection (sepsis) |
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Term
| other types of circulatory shock |
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Definition
anaphalactic shock-allergic reaction, buildup of histamine, and vasodilation
neurogenic shock- results from spinal cord injury, due to loss of sympathetic stimulation
cardiogenic shock-due to significant to myocardial loss |
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