Term
| What is the mechanism of adenosine action? |
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Definition
| Acts on adenosine receptors to enhance the flow of K+ out of the myocardial cells to hyperpolarise and stabilise the cell membrane. |
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Term
| What is the indication for adenosine use? |
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Definition
| Reversion to sinus rhythm of AV junctional tachycardia. |
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Term
| What are the side effects of adenosine? |
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Definition
1) Bradycardia and AV block
2) Facial flushing, headache, chest pain or tightness
3) Bronchospasm. |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of Amiodarone hydrochloride? |
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Definition
| Prolongs action potential- increases refractory period. Also inhibits potassium channels involved in repolarisation. |
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Term
| What is the indication for amiodarone use? |
|
Definition
IV: CPR for VF or pulseless tachycardia.
Oral and IV: treatment of arrhythmias (VF, VT, AF & flutter). |
|
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Term
| What are the side effects of amiodarone? |
|
Definition
1) It contains iodine and can cause hypo and hyper thyroidism
2) Liver damage. |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of Flecainide action? |
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Definition
| It is a sodium channel blocker. Reduces the spontaeneous discharge rate of myocardial cells. |
|
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Term
| What is the indication for Flecainide? |
|
Definition
1) AV nodal reciprocating tachycardia
2) Arrhythmias associated with accessory pathways (WPW)
3) Paroxysmal AF |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of Lidocaine? |
|
Definition
| Sodium channel blocker. Slows HR. |
|
|
Term
| What are the indications for Lidocaine? |
|
Definition
| Ventricular arrythmias especially after MI. |
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|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Digoxin? |
|
Definition
| It blocks AV conduction, ehances vagal activity and inhibits sympathetic activity. Positively inotropic (increases strength of contraction). |
|
|
Term
| What are the indications for digoxin? |
|
Definition
| It is used in heart failure either with AF, whom other medications has not controlled or who lead a sedentary lifestyle. |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of beta blockers? |
|
Definition
| Block beta-adrenoceptors decreasing HR reducing the force of contraction and lowering BP. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Supra and ventricular arrhthmias. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Treatment of hyperthyroidism, prevention of variceal bleeding and prophylaxis of migraine. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the indications for ACE inhibitors? |
|
Definition
| Heart failure, hypertension, diabetic nephropathy & IHD. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would you use angiotensin II receptor antagonists? |
|
Definition
| In patients intolerant to ACEi because of cough. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of nitrates? |
|
Definition
| Increase in cGMP- decrease in Ca2+ leading to coronary smooth muscle relaxation. |
|
|
Term
| What are the indications for the use of nitrates? |
|
Definition
| Prophylaxis and treatment of angina. Adjunct: CCF & ACS. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the indications for Ca2+ channel blockers? |
|
Definition
| Hypertension and prophylaxis of angina. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ca2+ channel blocker. Some arrhythmias. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ca2+ channel blockers. Prevention of ischaemic neurological deficits following subarachnoid. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of potassium channel activators? |
|
Definition
| Increased potassium leads to calcium channel blockade leading to arterial dilation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Potassium channel activator. |
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