Term
| How much O2 do the tissues produce at rest each minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much CO2 do the tissues produce at rest during a minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is CO2 transported from the tissues to the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many different mechanisms are there for CO2 transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is CO2 transported in the plasma? |
|
Definition
Carbamino compound
Bicarbonate
Dissolved CO2 |
|
|
Term
| How much a percent of the CO2 that dissolves in the plasma chemically combines with an amino group and forms carbamino compound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much percent of the CO2 that dissloves in the plasma ionizes as HCO3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When CO2 is dissolved in the plasma, what percentage accounts for the total CO2 released at the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dissolved CO2 in the intracellular fluid account for what percentage of CO2 released at the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of CO2 combines with Hb to form carbamino-Hb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When CO2 combines with carbamino Hb what happens to the O2 that is released by this reaction? |
|
Definition
| Available for tissue metabolism |
|
|
Term
| When CO2 is transported from the tissue cells to the lungs in HCO3 form, what percentage is that? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The major portion of dissolved CO2 that enters the RBC is converted to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is dissolved CO2 converted into HCO3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hydrolysis reaction for dissolved CO2 to convert into HCO3? |
|
Definition
CO2 leaves the tissue and enters plasma
PP of CO2 increases in plasma of venous blood which causes increase diffusion of CO2 into RBC
H2O combines with CO2 and forms H2CO3
Enzyme increases the reaction(carbonic anhydrase)
Hb releases O2 to tissues while HCO3 is forming
RBC is saturated with HCO3, causing diffusion into plasma and combo with Na
HCO3 leaves RBC and CL moves in(CL shift)
HCO2 and CL are increased in RBC(H2O causes RBC to swell in venous blood) |
|
|
Term
| Whats the ratio of HCO2 and H2CO3 in the plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whats the purpose of the HCO3 and H2CO3 ratio in the plasma? |
|
Definition
| To keep the pH within normal range |
|
|
Term
| When CO2 is eliminated at the lungs is the venous CO2 greater or less than the alveolar CO2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the carbon dioxide dissociation curve? |
|
Definition
| The direct relationship between PCO2 and CO2 in the blood |
|
|
Term
| What can also effect the CO2 dissociation curve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when the Hb is 97% saturated with O2 verses Hb being 75% saturated? |
|
Definition
| There is less CO2 content for any given PCO2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the haldane effect? |
|
Definition
| When deoxygenated blood enhances the loading of CO2 and oxygenated blood enhances the unloading of CO2 |
|
|
Term
| What do hydrogen ions effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pH maintained by? |
|
Definition
Buffer systems of blood and tissues
Ability of respiration to eliminate CO2
Renal ability o regulate excretion of hydrogen and reabsorb bicarb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The kidneys are not there and the pH has been changed |
|
|
Term
| What causes metabolic acidosis? |
|
Definition
| Increase in non volatile acids in the blood |
|
|
Term
| What causes an increase in non volatile acids in the blood? |
|
Definition
Lactic acidosis
Ketoacidosis
Renal failure
Severe diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What causes metabolic alkalosis? |
|
Definition
Removal of stomach acids
Hypokalemia
Hypochloremia
Massive doses of steroids
Diuretics
Increased deliverance of NaHco3 |
|
|
Term
| If respiratory acidosis persists what happens to the kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renal compensation is rarely complete, what happens to the pH? |
|
Definition
| It wont fully return to 7.4 |
|
|
Term
| The extent of renal compensation is ID'd from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much is aveolar ventilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mechanical movement of air in and out of the lungs.
Mechanism by which O2 is carried from the atmosphere to the alveoli and which CO2 is carried from the lungs to the atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| What the ratio of ventilation blood flow(V/Q)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What plays a key role in V/Q variance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is PAO2 dependant on? |
|
Definition
The amount of O2 entering the alveoli (V)
O2 removal by capillary blood flow(Q) |
|
|
Term
| The PACO2 is determined by |
|
Definition
The CO2 that diffuses into the alveoli from the capillary blood
CO2 removal from the alveoli by means of ventilation |
|
|
Term
| What causes an increased V/Q ratio? |
|
Definition
Increase in ventilation
Decrease in perfusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Passing of blood or fluid through a vascular bed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Perfusion with out ventilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ventilation without perfusion |
|
|
Term
| What happens during V/Q increase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what lung zone is an increased V/Q present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During increased V/Q the PO2 is BLANK and PACO2 is BLANK |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the PACO2 decrease during increased V/Q? |
|
Definition
| Because it is washed out of the alveoli faster than it can be replaced by venous blood |
|
|
Term
| Why does the PAO2 increase during increased V/Q? |
|
Definition
| Because it does not diffuse into the blood |
|
|
Term
| How does a decreased V?Q ratio develop? |
|
Definition
Decrease in ventilation
Increase in perfusion |
|
|
Term
| Why does the PAO@ decrease during a V/Q decrease? |
|
Definition
| Because O2 moves out of the alveolus and into the pulmonary capillary bed faster than it is replenished by ventilation |
|
|
Term
| Why does the PACO2 increase during V/Q decrease? |
|
Definition
| Beacause it moves out of the capillary bed and into the alveolus faster than it washed out of the alveolus. |
|
|
Term
| Where is a decreased V/Q ration present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is internal inspiration? |
|
Definition
| Gas exchange between capillaries and cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the respiratory quotient? |
|
Definition
| Ratio between volume of O2 consumed and volume of CO2 produced |
|
|
Term
| How is the RQ represented? |
|
Definition
RQ=VCO2/VO2
RQ=200/250=0.8 |
|
|
Term
| What is respiratory exchange ratio(RR)? |
|
Definition
Quantity of O2 and CO2 exhanged during a period of 1 minute
(Under normal conditons the RR= RQ) |
|
|
Term
| What are some disorders that increase V/Q ratio? |
|
Definition
Pulmonary emboli
Decreased cardiac output
Partial/complete obstruction of the pulmonary artery/arterioles
Pressure on the pulmonary vessels
Destruction of the pulmonary vessels |
|
|
Term
| It is an increased V/Q ratio or called by the term |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased V/Q ratio or what other term is it called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes decreased V/Q ratio? |
|
Definition
Obstructive lung disorders
Restrictive lung disorders
Hypoventilation from any cause |
|
|
