Term
| What is a group of foodstuffs composed of C,H,O with H and O present in the same proportion as water? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most carbohydrates come from what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Although protein can be be used to get glucose, when is the only time this process should be used? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a quick energy reserve that is stored in the muscle and liver? |
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Definition
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Term
| What % of dry weight of plants is carbohydrate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Simple sugars unable to be hydrolyzed to simpler sugars are what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 2 categories of Monosaccharides? |
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Definition
| Pentoses (5 carbons) and Hexoses (6 carbons) |
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Term
| Xylose (corn cobs), Arabinose (beet tops), and Ribose (RNA, DNA, ATP) found in all cells. These are in what category of monosaccharides? |
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Definition
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Term
| Out of all the pentoses, which one is the most important? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose, fructose, and galactose (3 we primarily absorb) are of what category of monosaccarides? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which hexoses is blood sugar, is the transport form of carbohydrate in animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which hexoses is found in honey, fruits, combined with other carbohydrates,not found free in nature? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which hexoses is found in milk (lactose), usally combined with other carbohydrates, and not found free in nature? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 Monosaccharides bound together are called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Unable to absorb disaccharides, they must split apart to be absorbed, this is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| When synthesizing glycogen what is produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| Maltose, cellobiose, sucrose, and lactose all have at least one glucose molecule and are types of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 glucose and alpha 1,4 is what type of disaccharide? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 glucose and beta 1,4 is what type of disaccharide? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose + Fructose is what type of disaccharide? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose + Galactose is what type of disaccharide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is composed of 3 monosaccharides linked together? |
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Definition
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Term
| Raffinose is an example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Trisaccharides go through what to be absorbed? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What can digest trisaccharides? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is composed of less than 10 monosaccharieds? |
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Definition
| Oligosaccharides (we cant digest) |
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Term
| What are 2 types of oligosaccharides? |
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Definition
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Term
| Oligosaccharides are marketed more towards what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Important feed additives (FOS and MOS) provide fuel for good bacteria, binding pathogenic bacteria and clearing them from the what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What % of amune system is a part of the GIT? |
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Definition
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Term
| Prebiotic and Probiotic both work to set up a healthy what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What biotic is put in seed to promote bacteria wanted in the GIT and is used more in animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What biotic physically consumes live organisms and used in humans more? |
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Definition
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Term
| Humans cannot digest what kind of linkages? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are complex carbohydrates consisting of repeating units of monosaccharides and are very large molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| All polysaccharides must eventually be broken down into what if they are to be utilized? |
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Definition
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Term
| Plants synthesize 2 types of polysaccharides, which are what? |
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Definition
| Stroage (starch) and Structural (cellulose) |
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Term
| What is the reserve form of carbohydrates in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 forms of storage of polysaccharides found in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What storage form found in plants has a straight chain of glucose units linked alpha 1,4 which makes up 10-20% of starch? |
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Definition
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Term
| What storage form found in plants has branched chain of glucose units linked alpha 1,4 and branch points at alpha 1,6, which makes up 80-90% of starch? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the skeleton of plants, represents much of the CF in feeds,and polymer of 300-15000 glucose units linked beta 1,4? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is commonly called Other Matrix Polysaccharide(OMP), thought to be precursors of cellulose, and prevents "Syneresis" from occurring? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the second most abundant compound in plant cell walls, not a carbohydrate, exact structure is unknown, and totally digestible by bacteria and animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lignin interferes with what and what digestion? |
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Definition
| Cellulose and hemicellulose digestion |
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Term
| Lignin content with age of plant increases or decreases? |
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Definition
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Term
| What strengths cell walls by anchoring the cellulose and protects cellulose from chemical, physical, and biological attack? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the structural polysaccharide of the exoskeleton of insects, shrimp, lobsters, and crabs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chitin is a beta linked glucosamine polymer which makes it what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What polysaccharide breakdown product of amylose and amylopectin(starch), and when acidified becomes glue like (envelopes, stamps)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What polysaccharide is similar to dextrin but has branch points other than alpha 1,6 and in human food products? |
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Definition
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Term
| What polysaccharide is a storage form of carbohydrate in mammalian tissue, quick emergency energy, and similar to amylopectin only more branched? |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbohydrate digesting in monogastrics begins in the mouth that has salivary amylase, then continues in stomach until pH drops, and then the small intestine that has enzymes from where? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzyme is produced by the pancreas in the digestion of carbohydrates in monogastrics that breaks alpha 1,4 bonds and works on amylose, amylopectin, and glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 enzymes is produced by the SI during carbohydrate digestion? |
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Definition
| Lactose, Sucrase, Maltase, and Alpha 1,6 Glucosidase (dextrianse) |
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Term
| What SI enzyme used in carbohydrate digestion in monogastrics is a break down product, that everything goes to and is starch to glucose? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the end products of carbohydrates in monogastrics? |
|
Definition
| Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose |
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Term
| How are Glucose and Galactose absorbed as an end product? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Fructose absorbed as an end product? |
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Definition
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Term
| In absorbing end products, fructose is converted to glucose in SI by what organ? |
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Definition
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Term
| End products are carried by what to the liver? |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbohydrate digestion in ruminants begins in the rumen with what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Microbes digest carbohydrates and metabolize glucose to pyruvate which is known as what process? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Further metabolism of pyruvate yields what? |
|
Definition
| VFAs (Volatile Fatty Acids) |
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Term
| What are the 3 VFAs in carbohydrate digestion in ruminants? |
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Definition
| Acetate, Propionate, and Butyrate |
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Term
| What VFA is used for fat production, mammary glands production more milk fat increasing rumen pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What VFA is used for glucose (glyconeogenisis) which is constant at all time and increasing grain reducing pH? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What VFA is used for energy, constant, and cannot be manipulated in nutrition? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the quantity order of VFAs? |
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Definition
| 1= Acetate, 2= Propionate, 3= Butyrate |
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Term
| Activity of cellulolytic bacteria is normally very high except when high what diets are fed? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| High grain diets do what to the rumen that kills off cellulolytic bacteria and protozoa? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Forage causes the rumen to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Increasing the amount of grain increases propionate, but decreases what that makes it more efficient in growth for feedlots? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the normal acetate VFA proportions on a forage diet? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the normal Propionate VFA proportions on a forage diet? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal butyrate VFA proportions on a forage diet? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What carbohydrate isn't in ruminants? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 end products of carbohydrate digestion in rumen? |
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Definition
| VFA, Lactate, and Methane |
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Term
| What end product of carbohydrate digestion in rumens that has a higher concentration on grain that drives rumen pH down which could lead to rumenacidosis and quantities depends on the diet? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What end product of carbohydrate digestion in rumens that is a biproduct of fermentation and with the more acetate the more of this is produced? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 steps of carbohydrate metabolism? |
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Definition
| Dietary glucose, Liver, and Peripheral tissues |
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Term
| What are the 2 major peripheral tissues? |
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Definition
| Muscle (ATP, Glycogen) and Adipose (Fatty acids) |
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Term
| When glucose is abundant, and other nutrients are adequate body systems are in a state of what? |
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Definition
| Anabolism (storage of glucose as glycogen or fat) |
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Term
| When glucose is in short supply, stores in the liver are mobilized what to maintain blood glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| The first step of carbohydrate utilization requires what for a certain tissue that is a hormone produced in the cells of the pancreas? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when there is too much insulin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when there is too little insulin? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When insulin is released cell membrane permeability increases while what decreases? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of diabetes is characterized by passage of too much urine,and urine known as sweet and sticky? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of mellitus is insulin dependent diabetes? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of mellitus is non insulin dependent and normally associated with weight? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of diabetes is very rare, and known from an injury to the head or a tumor in the area of the posterior pituitary which has no release of antidiuretic hormone that produces lots of tasteless urine? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The brain/nerve tissue don't use insulin, they only use what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Step 2 of carbohydrate utilization once glucose is in the cell it is phosphorylated to what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In carbohydrate utilization what cannot cross the cell membrane thus it has been metabolized by that cell and the only exceptions are the kidney and liver? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The kidney and liver produce what enzyme that frees glucose to return to the blood? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What organs need insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is step 3 of carbohydrate utilization? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Gylcolysis 1 is preparing the glucose molecule for what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In glycolysis 1 glucose -> Glucose 6-P -> Fructose 6-P -> Fructose 1,6 bisP which is then split into Dihdroxyacetone phosphate and Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate. Where is the reaction coupling that is a key regulatory step? |
|
Definition
| B/W Fructose 6-P and Fructose 1,6 bisP |
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|
Term
| What drives the reaction b/w Fructose 6-P and 1,6 bisP and suppresses when there is access glucose? |
|
Definition
| Phosphofructo Kinase (PFK) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell dose glycolysis 1 occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATPs are required in glycolysis 1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the key enzyme that in is glycolysis 1? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the end products formed in glycolysis 1? |
|
Definition
| (2) Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphates |
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|
Term
| What cycle collects and captures the energy that was broken off in glycolysis 1? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Glycolysis 2 occurs where? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Anaerobic glycolysis is when there is what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Aerobic glycolysis is when there is what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Gylcolyisis 2 has the potential to generate how any ATPs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is glycolysis 2 end product? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the regulatory enzyme in glycolysis 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is step 4 in carbohydrate utilization? |
|
Definition
| Oxidative Decarboxylation |
|
|
Term
| What is the common end point that pyruvate goes to in oxidative decarboxylation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme involved in oxidative decarboxylation that converts pyruvate to acetly-CoA? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 vitamins involved in oxidative decarboxylation? |
|
Definition
| Niacin, Thamin, and Pantothenic acid |
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|
Term
| What vitamin involved in oxidative decarboxylation is a part of the NAD molecule? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What vitamin involved in oxidative decarboxylation is a part of decarboxilation reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin involved in oxidative decarboxylation is a part of the Co enzyme "A" molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is step 5 in carbohydrate utilization? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is known as the main pathway that generates the main energy? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What can instantly kill a plant/animal if its shut down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Krebs cycle start with and is needed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Krebs cycle what is OAA converted to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Krebs cycle occurs where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many NADH are produced in the Krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATPs are produced in the Krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the key enzyme in the Krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the end products formed in the Krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
| (4)CO2, (6)NADH, (2)FADH, and Heat |
|
|
Term
| What dose FAD in the Krebs cycle stand for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is step 6 in carbohydrate utilization? |
|
Definition
| Oxidative Phosphorylation (electron transport chain) |
|
|
Term
| What dose the electron transport chain begin with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the electron transport chain end with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell dose oxidative phosphorylation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATPs are generated from NADH in oxidative phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATPs are generated from FADH in oxidative phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the end products formed in oxidative phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gylcolysis produces what end products? |
|
Definition
| (4)ATP, (2)NADH, and heat |
|
|
Term
| When glycolysis is aerobic what is the end product? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When glycolysis is anaerobic what is the end product? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the end products in oxidative decarboxylation |
|
Definition
| (2)CO2, (2)Acetyl-CoA, (2)NADH, and heat |
|
|
Term
| What 2 organs can remove phosphate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the end products of Krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
| (4)CO2, (6)NADH, (2)FADH, (2)ATP, and heat |
|
|
Term
| What are the end products of oxidative phoshorylation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the end products of complete glucose oxidation? |
|
Definition
| 38 ATP gross, (36 ATP net), (6)CO2, (12)H2O, and heat |
|
|
Term
| What % of ATP is captured in the end and the rest captured as heat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Food energy is locked up in what kind of bond and is then released upon breaking that bond? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ATP is used by the cell to promote what 3 major cellular functions? |
|
Definition
| Transport, Synthesis, and Metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What is steroid and lipid synthesized from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pathway generates reducing power in the form of NADPH, converts hexoses to pentoses (glucose to ribose) and converts pentose to hexose (ribose to glucose? |
|
Definition
| Phosphogluconate pathway (hexose monophosphate shunt) |
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