Term
| What atoms do all carbohydrates contain? |
|
Definition
| Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What atoms do some (but not all) carbohydrates contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which groups define a carbohydrate? |
|
Definition
| A hydroxyl group AND either a ketone of aldehyde group |
|
|
Term
| What is the general formula for a carbohydrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which are the two most common carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
| Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone |
|
|
Term
| What is a chirally active carbon? |
|
Definition
| A carbon atom with four different groups bonded to it |
|
|
Term
| How many sterioisomers can one chirally active carbon have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do carboydrates form ring structures? |
|
Definition
| The aldehyde or ketone group combines with one of its many alcohol groups. |
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to a five carbon ring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to a six carbon ring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyranose sugars assume what 'visual' structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What orientation of atoms would result in a physical clash within the molecule? |
|
Definition
| If the axial atoms pointed in the same direction of the carbon atoms |
|
|
Term
| How many asymmetric carbons does glucose have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which isomer of glucose is naturally found in nature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which asymmetric carbon in sugars determines the stereoisomerism of the sugar? |
|
Definition
| The asymmetric carbon furthest from the aldehyde/ketone group |
|
|
Term
| Why are sugars referred to as 'D' or 'L'? |
|
Definition
| In the direction to which the sugar rotates polarized light |
|
|
Term
| What does the 'D' in a D sugar stand for? |
|
Definition
| Dextrorotatory (Clockwise) |
|
|
Term
| What does the 'L' in a L sugar stand for? |
|
Definition
| Laevorotatory (Anticlockwise) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sugars that are isomers at more than one asymmetric carbon |
|
|
Term
| During the formation of a hemiacetal which carbon also becomes asymmetric? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines the formation of alpha and beta sugars? |
|
Definition
| The stereochemistry on C1 in comparison to C5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sugar that has either an alpha or beta conformation |
|
|
Term
| What determines a beta anomer? |
|
Definition
| Same stereochemistry at C1 and C5 |
|
|
Term
| What determines an alpha anomer? |
|
Definition
| Different sterochemistry at C1 and C5 |
|
|
Term
| What determines a L-sugar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines a D-sugar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a polysaccharide? |
|
Definition
| A polymer made of repeating sugar monomers |
|
|
Term
| What is an ogliosaccharide? |
|
Definition
| A polymer made of a small number (10-20) repeating sugar monomers |
|
|
Term
| What is the name given to the link between sugar monomers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycosidic bonds can have different orientations. What are the different orientations? |
|
Definition
| Sticking down from the plane or equatorial on the plane |
|
|
Term
| What is the disaccharide generated from starch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which main monosaccharide in milk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organism/s synthesise starch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which family of the animal kingdom synthesise glycogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cellulose? |
|
Definition
| Maintaining structure in plant cell walls |
|
|
Term
| What organism/s synthesise cellulose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which polysaccharide is present in bacteria cell walls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a reducing sugar? |
|
Definition
| The sugar at the end of a polysaccharide that has it's aldehyde group exposed and is able to be opened to reduce its adjacent sugar |
|
|
Term
| What type of glycosidic bonds are present in glycogen |
|
Definition
| 1,4 glycosdic bonds AND 1,6 glycosidic bonds |
|
|
Term
| What is a reducing sugar? |
|
Definition
| The sugar at the end of a polysaccharide that has it's aldehyde group incorporated into the glycosidic bond and therefore is unable to be open unless the adjacent sugar is reduced |
|
|
Term
| What causes the helical structure in glycogen and starch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of glycogen and starch having a helical structure? |
|
Definition
| It makes the molecule more compact and therefore easier to store |
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of glycogen being branched? |
|
Definition
| Lots of non-reducing sugars that can be forced open and hydrolysed to produce glucose more quickly |
|
|
Term
| What gives strength to cellulose fibres? |
|
Definition
| The -OH groups forming hydrogen bonds |
|
|
Term
| What causes cellulose to have a highly crystalline structure? |
|
Definition
| The interconnection of hydrogen bonds |
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme synthesises sugars? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme determines our blood group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which glycosyltransferase/s creates blood group A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which glycosyltransferase/s creates blood group B? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which glycosyltransferase/s creates blood group AB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which glycosyltransferase/s creates blood group O? |
|
Definition
| None, the glycosyltransferase is inactive |
|
|
Term
| Which sugar does GTA add? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sugar does GTB add? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors contribute to the difference in blood groups? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two key surface proteins are present on the influenza virus? |
|
Definition
| Hemagglutinnin AND Neuraminidase |
|
|
Term
| What does the hemagglutinnin receptor do? |
|
Definition
| Recognises the sugar sialic on the surface of target cells |
|
|
Term
| What does the neuraminidase receptor do? |
|
Definition
| Allows the release of the new virus by removing sialic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein embedded in the plasma membrane that has a carbohydrate chain attached |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of bacteria cell wall? |
|
Definition
| Gram-negative and Gram-positive |
|
|
Term
| What two monosaccharides make up a peptidoglycan? |
|
Definition
| N-Acetyl-B-D-Glucosamine (NAG) AND N-Acetyl-muramic acid (NAM) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chain of four amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids are present in the tertapeptide of N-Acetyl-muramic acid (NAM)? |
|
Definition
| L-Alanine, D-Glutamic Acid, DAP (Diaminopimelic acid), D-Alanine |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the tetrapeptide in peptidoglycan? |
|
Definition
| It forms cross links with other tertapeptides to give strength and flexibility to the bacterial cell wall |
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme forms the cross links in peptidoglycan? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Penicillin destroy bacterial cell walls? |
|
Definition
| It inhibits transpeptidase, this prevents tetrapeptide crosslinks forming making the cell wall osmotically sensitive which allows cell lysis to occur |
|
|
Term
| Which bacterial cell wall contains more peptidoglycan? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which bacterial cell wall contains less peptidoglycan? |
|
Definition
|
|
