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canty quiz 1
canty quiz 1
212
Science
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01/24/2012
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Term
This is the exchange of gasses between the body and the environment.
 Definition
RESPIRATION
Term
key components of respiration.
 Definition
1) VENTILATION, 2) PERFUSION, 3) GAS EXCHANGE
Term
3.     _____ is inflation of the alveoli.
 Definition
VENTILATION
Term
4.     _____ is when the blood supply around the alveoli service the structures.
 Definition
PERFUSION
Term
5.     _____is the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the atmosphere.
 Definition
GAS EXCHANGE
Term
6.     Gas exchange occurs via _____.
 Definition
DIFFUSION
Term
7.     _____ is the anatomical area above the larynx.
 Definition
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
Term
8.     The upper respiratory tract consists of these structures.
 Definition
1) NASAL CAVITIES, 2) ORAL CAVITY, 3) PHARYNX, 4) OROHARYNX, 5) NASOPHARYNX, 5) LARYNX, 6) TRACHEA
Term
9.     This is the anatomical area below the larynx.
 Definition
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
Term
10.  This is the windpipe.
 Definition
TRACHEA
Term
11.  What type of tissue makes up the trachea?
 Definition
DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Term
12.  The trachea consists of _____ like rubber bands used for bronchoconstriction and relaxation.
 Definition
SMOOTH MUSCLE
Term
13.  The trachea contains _____ “C” shaped cartilaginous rings, which are present in the anterior and lateral borders.
 Definition
ten-twelve
Term
14.  The cartilaginous rings _____, _____ and _____ as the airway changes.
 Definition
SUPPORT, FLEX AND BEND
Term
15.  In the trachea, a _____ is present.
 Definition
MUCOCILIARY BLANKET
Term
16.  The trachea divides into _____.
 Definition
2 PRIMARY BRONCHI (LEFT AND RIGHT)
Term
17.  Compared to the right bronchi, the left is _____, _____ and _____.
 Definition
LONGER, NARROWER AND CURVED
Term
18.  Compared to the left bronchi, the right is _____, _____ and _____.
 Definition
SHORTER, WIDER, AND VERTICAL
Term
19.  Because of its anatomy, the _____ is more susceptible to aspiration and tuberculosis.
 Definition
RIGHT BRONCHI
Term
20.  _____ is swallowing something into the lungs.
 Definition
ASPIRATION
Term
21.  After passing through the hilum of the lung, the primary bronchi divide into the _____ then _____.
 Definition
SECONDARY BRONCHI, TERTIARY BRONCHI
Term
22.  The tertiary bronchi head towards the _____.
 Definition
BRONCHIOLE
Term
23.  _____ is where the secondary bronchi enter the lung.
 Definition
HILUM
Term
24.  What lung is larger the left or the right?
 Definition
RIGHT
Term
25.  The right lung is larger than the left by _____g.
 Definition
70G
Term
26.  The right lung has _____ lobes, while the left lung has _____ lobes.
 Definition
3, 2
Term
27.  The base of the lungs rest on the _____, which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen.
 Definition
DIAPHRAGM
Term
28.  The _____ of the lung extends 2.5cm posterior to the clavicle.
 Definition
APEX
Term
29.  _____ are present in the lungs to separate the various lobes.
 Definition
FISSURES
Term
30.  Secondary bronchii go to _____.
 Definition
INDIVIDUAL LOBES
Term
31.  There are _____ bronchii in the right lung, while there are _____ bronchii in the left lung.
 Definition
3, 2
Term
32.  Tertiary bronchii go to their respective _____.
 Definition
LOBULES
Term
33.  There are _____ lobules in the right lung, and there are _____ lobules in the left lung.
 Definition
10, 9
Term
34.  _____ are not visible on the surface of the lung, but rather tissue units on its own. If one is diseases it can be removed without affecting the lung as a whole. They are entirely separate entities with their own blood supply.
 Definition
LOBULES
Term
35.  Once the tertiary bronchii reach their respective lobules, they segment many times until they reach the terminal end unit called _____.
 Definition
BRONCHIOLES
Term
36.  components of a terminal bronchiole.
 Definition
1) RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE, 2) ALVEOLAR DUCTS, 3) ALVEOLI
Term
37.  steps in the passage of air from outside of the body to the lungs.
 Definition
1) TRACHEA, 2) PRIMARY BRONCHII, 3) SECONDARY BRONCHII, 4) TERTIARY BRONCHII, 5) BRONCHIOLE
Term
38.  _____ consist of 2 or more alveolar sacs.
 Definition
ALVEOLI
Term
39.  There are some _____ alveoli per lung.
 Definition
300 MILLION
Term
40.  Alveoli cluster like grapes to form _____.
 Definition
ALVEOLAR SACS
Term
41.  Alveoli share _____, and are responsible for increasing the _____ of the lung.
 Definition
WALLS, SURFACE AREA
Term
42.  Once air enters the alveoli, _____ occurs.
 Definition
GAS EXCHANGE
Term
43.  _____ lines the airways from the trachea all the way to the bronchioles. It is responsible for catching foreign particles to keep them out of the lower segments and alveoli.
 Definition
MUCOCILIARY BLANKET
Term
44.  What type of issue makes up the mucociliary blanket?
 Definition
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR CILIATED EPITHELIUM
Term
45.  How does the mucociliary blanket of the lungs work?
 Definition
CILIA CREATE AND ESCALATOR AND SWEEP STUFF UP TO THE EPIGLOTTIS AND THEN INTO THE ESOPHAGUS WHERE WE THEN SWALLOW IT AND THE HCL BREAKS IT DOWN
Term
46.  These 2 cell types line the mucociliary blanket, and in charge of secreting respiratory secretions.
 Definition
GOBLET CELLS AND BRONCHIAL GLANDS
Term
47.  _____ secrete the gel-component of mucous.
 Definition
GOBLET CELLS
Term
48.  _____ secretes the serous component of mucous.
 Definition
BRONCHIAL GLANDS
Term
49.  _____ are the sweeper components of the mucociliary blanket that carry lung secretions upward toward the epiglottis.
 Definition
CILIA
Term
50.  Cilia of the mucociliary blanket work well in these environments.
 Definition
1) WHEN WELL OXYGENATED, 2) WHEN THE MUCUS ISN’T DRY, TACKY OR PLUGGY, 3) WHEN THERE IS NO TOXINS
Term
51.  _____ of the cilia occurs naturally, but is reversible once the noxious stimulus (smoking) is removed.
 Definition
CELLULAR ADAPTATION
Term
52.  _____ is a cellular adaptation that occurs in the environment when chronic noxious stimuli makes the cells more hard.
 Definition
METAPLASIA
Term
53.  Metaplasia turns the pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelia of the mucociliary blanket into _____.
 Definition
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Term
54.  If there is a metaplasia in the lung there is no _____, which does not allow the lung to escalate foreign particles out of the lungs.
 Definition
CILIA
Term
55.  Metaplasia can lead to _____, which is an abnormal cellular development.
 Definition
DYSPLASIA
Term
56.  Dysplasia can lead to _____ which is cancer.
 Definition
NEOPLASIA
Term
57.  The diffusion of gasses takes place in the _____ of the lungs, which are extreme elastic structures.
 Definition
ALVEOLI
Term
58.  This type of alveolar cells are single flat cells designed for diffusion.
 Definition
TYPE 1
Term
59.  What type of tissue makes up type 1 alveoli?
 Definition
SIMPLE SUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Term
60.  This type of alveoli are surfactant producing cells which decrease surface tension not allowing the alveoli to collapse.
 Definition
TYPE 2
Term
61.  _____ is a phospholipid that breaks up intermolecular bonds and reduces surface tension.
 Definition
SURFACTANT
Term
62.  Type 2 alveoli begins producing surfactant in during the _____ month of development.
 Definition
7th
Term
63.  _____ is a condition that affects premature babies, it consists of a hyaline membrane disease and the doctors must administer surfactant so the baby’s lungs do not collapse.
 Definition
INFANT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
Term
64.  This type of alveoli consists of alveolar macrophages that work as a defense mechanism via phagocytosis.
 Definition
TYPE 3
Term
65.  Each lung has its own _____ and _____ which is one membrane that is double folded to create an inner and outer membrane that folds over the hilum.
 Definition
PLEURAL MEMBRANE AND CAVITY
Term
66.  The inner layer of the pleural membrane is called _____, while the outer is called _____.
 Definition
VISCERAL; PARIETAL
Term
67.  They pleural cavity contains _____.
 Definition
PLEURAL FLUID
Term
68.  _____ is excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity.
 Definition
PLEURAL EFFUSION
Term
69.  The _____ pleura lines chest wall structures.
 Definition
PARIETAL PLEURA
Term
70.  When parietal pleura gets to the hilum of the lung, it folds back on itself and forms the _____.
 Definition
VISCERAL PLEURA
Term
71.  The pleural cavity normally contains _____mL of fluid.
 Definition
50Ml
Term
72.  different types of pleural effusion.
 Definition
1) HYDROTHORAX, 2) EMPYEMA, 3) FIBROTHORAX
Term
73.  _____ is pleural effusion that consists of an accumulation of pleural transudates.
 Definition
HYDROTHORAX
Term
74.  _____ is pleural effusion that consists of an accumulation of purulent material in the pleural cavity.
 Definition
EMPYEMA
Term
75.  _____ is pleural effusion when empyema leads to fibrous fusing of the lung and chest wall.
 Definition
FIBROTHORAX
Term
76.  _____ is accumulation of blood in the pleural fluid.
 Definition
HEMOTHORAX
Term
77.  _____ is a breach in the pleural cavity that can lead to a collapsed lung. It can be caused by a gun shot, stab wound, broken, rib, etc…
 Definition
PNEUMOTHORAX
Term
78.  causes of pneumothorax.
 Definition
1) TRAUMATIC, 2) SPONTANEOUS, 3) THERAPEUTIC
Term
79.  The pleural cavity has a higher _____ as compared to pulmonary pressure or atmospheric pressure.
 Definition
NEGATIVE PRESSURE
Term
80.  Why does a pneumothorax cause a collapsed lung?
 Definition
THE HIGHER ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE MOVES INTO THE LUNG CAVITY CAUSING THE LUNGS TO COLLAPSE
Term
81.  In traumatic pneumothorax _____ are common inside the lungs.
 Definition
BLEBS
Term
82.  This type of pneumothorax has no antecedent, and are sometimes common in divers or those exposed to high altitudes due to pressure changes.
 Definition
SPONTANEOUS
Term
83.  This type of pneumothorax was once used to collapse the lungs of patients with TB to kill the aerobic organisms.
 Definition
THERAPEUTIC PNEUMOTHORAX
Term
84.  This type of pneumothorax occurs from trauma to the exterior rib cage. Air is coming in from the puncture and often leads to a sucking chest wound (wheezing)
 Definition
OPEN PNEUMOTHORAX
Term
85.  If one encounters an open pneumothorax what should they do?
 Definition
USE A PATCH OR CREDIT CARD AND COVER THE WOULD THEN TAPE 3 SIDES OF THE PATCH
Term
86.  An open pneumothorax must be _____ the side of the trachea to take over respiration.
 Definition
¾
Term
87.  An open pneumothorax does not provide oxygen because oxygen goes into the _____ not the lungs.
 Definition
PLEURAL CAVITY
Term
88.  This type of pneumothorax is the most preferable, and consists of a small entry wound that closes itself off.
 Definition
CLOSED PNEUMOTHORAX
Term
89.  _____ is a life threatening pneumothorax that consists of an open chest wound that will suck in air, but there is a flap that closes the wound so there is no expiration of air.
 Definition
TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX
Term
90.  Tension pneumothorax causes _____ and _____.
 Definition
DEPRESSED HEMIDIAPHRAGM AND TRACHIAL DEVIATION TO THE OPPOSITE SIDE
Term
91.  A pneumothorax will eventually cause _____ which is incomplete expansion of the alveoli that will collapse in the areas that are not ventilating.
 Definition
ATLECTASIS
Term
92.  Atelectasis will show up _____ on an x-ray.
 Definition
WHITE-OUT
Term
93.  This type of atelectasis comes from the inside of the lung tissue, where mucus plugs and retained secretions become a common problem after surgeries due to retained fluid.
 Definition
ABSORPTION (RESTORTION)
Term
94.  This type of atelectasis is due to a tumor from outside the lung pressing on the lung causing the airway to be obstructed.
 Definition
COMPRESSION
Term
95.  The main veins in pulmonary circulation consist of the _____ and _____.
 Definition
IVC, SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
Term
96.  The IVC and superior vena cava bring deoxygenated blood in the _____.
 Definition
RIGHT ATRIUM
Term
97.  From the right atrium the deoxygenated blood goes into the _____ and then it is pumped into the _____.
 Definition
RIGHT VENTRICLE; PULMONARY ARTERIES
Term
98.  The pulmonary arteries branch into _____ where gas exchange occurs.
 Definition
ALVEOLI CAPILLARIES
Term
99.  The venous side of the alveoli capillaries will carry oxygen rich blood to the _____ which then bring it back to the left ventricle of the heart.
 Definition
PULMONARY VEINS
Term
100.  steps of deoxygenated blood in pulmonary circulation.
 Definition
1) RIGHT ATRIUM RECIEVES DEOXYGENATED BLOOD, 2) DUMPED INTO THE RIGHT VENTRICLE, 3) PUMPED INTO PULMONARY TRUNK, 4) DUMPS INTO THE RIGHT AND LEFT PULMONARY ARTERIES WHICH TAKE BLOOD TO THE LUNG FOR OXYENTION, 5) BRANCH INTO ARTERIOLES, 6) FINALLY BRANCH INTO CAPILLARIES FOR GAS EXCHANGE
Term
101.                 The venous return from the lungs begins with oxygenated blood that passes to these places.
 Definition
1) PULMONARY VENULES, 2) PULMONARY VEINS, 3) LEFT ATRIUM, 4) CUSPID, 5) LEFT VENTRICLE, 6) AORTA
Term
102.                 What is the goal of pulmonary circulation?
 Definition
TO GET BLOOD REOXYGENATED AND TO DUMP OFF CO2
Term
103.                 Bronchial circulation comes off of the _____.
 Definition
THORACIC AORTA
Term
104.                 characteristics regarding bronchial circulation.
 Definition
1) NOURISHES NERVES AND OUTER LAYERS OF PULMONARY ARTERIES, 2) DOES NOT INVOLVE ITSELF IN GAS EXCHANGE
Term
105.                 _____ in and around the rib cage are responsible for ventilation.
 Definition
SKELETAL MUSCLES
Term
106.                 During _____skeletal muscles in and around the rib cage create a pressure difference so that air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs.
 Definition
INSPIRATION
Term
107.                 During inspiration the diaphragm _____ and _____ to lengthen the thoracic cavity from a-p.
 Definition
CONTRACTS AND FLATTENS
Term
108.                 _____muscles are responsible for inspiration. They pull the rib cage out expanding it from a-p, and the fibers lay toward the front pocket.
 Definition
EXTENAL INTERCOSTALS
Term
109.                 During inspiration, air moves into the lungs until pressure is equalized which is called _____.
 Definition
END INSPIRATION
Term
110.                 For exhalation, there is _____ of the diaphragm and the air is forced back out.
 Definition
RELAXATION
Term
111.                 These muscles are involved in active expiration, and squish air out. Their fibers run to the back pant pocket.
 Definition
INTERAL INTERCOSTALS
Term
112.                 muscles of inspiration.
 Definition
1) DIAPHRAGM, 2) EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS, 3) SCALENES, 4) SERRATUS POSTERIOR SUPERIOR, 5) QUADRATUS LUMBORUM
Term
113.                 This muscle of inspiration depresses the floor of the thorax.
 Definition
DIAPHRAGM
Term
114.                 This muscle of inspiration elevates the ribs.
 Definition
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
Term
115.                 This muscle of inspiration elevates the first 2 ribs.
 Definition
SCALENES
Term
116.                 This muscle of inspiration elevates the upper ribs.
 Definition
SERRATUS POSTERIOR SUPERIOR
Term
117.                 This muscle in inspiration depresses the 12 ribs.
 Definition
QUADRATUS LUMBORUM
Term
118.                 These muscles are responsible for expiration.
 Definition
1) INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS, 2) TRANSVERSE THORACIC, 3) SERRATUS POSTERIOR INFERIOR, 4) RECTUS ABDOMINUS
Term
119.                 _____ and _____ muscles of expiration depress the ribs from a-p.
 Definition
INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS, TRANSVERSE THORACIC
Term
120.                 This muscle of expiration depresses the lower ribs.
 Definition
SERRATUS POSTERIOR INFERIOR
Term
121.                 This muscle of expiration depresses the thorax and compresses the abdomen.
 Definition
RECTUS ABDOMINIS
Term
122.                 During exercise, one has _____ inspirations and _____ expirations.
 Definition
GREATER, ACTIVE
Term
123.                 These 3 muscles are involved in breathing during exercise to allow the rib cage to elevate even more allowing for greater inspirations.
 Definition
SCALENES, SERRATUS POSTERIOR SUPERIOR, PECTORALIS MINOR
Term
124.                 A _____ is used to measure pulmonary volumes and capacities.
 Definition
SPIROMETER
Term
125.                 These volumes are measured during pulmonary volume measurements.
 Definition
1) TIDAL VOLUME, 2) INSPIRATOY RESERVE VOLUME, 3) EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME, 4) RESIDUAL VOLUME
Term
126.                 _____ is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal inspiration/expiration (normal breath).
 Definition
TIDAL VOLUME
Term
127.                 The average tidal volume is _____mL’s.
 Definition
500mL
Term
128.                 _____ is the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after the tidal volume. It is above and beyond the 500 mL’s of tidal volume.
 Definition
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
Term
129.                 The average inspiratory reserve volume is _____mL’s.
 Definition
3000 mL’s
Term
130.                 _____ is the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the normal tidal volume.
 Definition
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
Term
131.                 The average expiratory reserve volume is _____ mL’s.
 Definition
1100mL’s
Term
132.                 _____ is the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration.
 Definition
RESIDUAL VOLUME
Term
133.                 The average residual volume is _____ mL’s.
 Definition
1200mL’s
Term
134.                 These are the capacities measured during pulmonary capacity measurements.
 Definition
1) INSPIRATORY CAPACITY, 2) FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY, 3) VITAL CAPACITY, 4) TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY
Term
135.                 _____ is the total volume + inspiratory reserve. It is the max amount of air that one can inspire.
 Definition
INSPIRATORY CAPACITY
Term
136.                 The average inspiratory capacity is _____ mL’s.
 Definition
3500 mL’s
Term
137.                 _____ is the combination of expiratory reserve and residual volume. It is the amount of air in the lungs after a normal expiration.
 Definition
FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY
Term
138.                 The average functional residual capacity in the lungs is _____ mL’s.
 Definition
2300 mL’s
Term
139.                 _____ is the tidal, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve volumes. A standard test used to measure this capacity measures how much and how quickly one can get air and out over 1 second of time.
 Definition
VITAL CAPACITY
Term
140.                 _____ is the measured forced vital capacity.
 Definition
FVC1
Term
141.                 _____ is the measured expiratory volume in the 1st second.
 Definition
FEV1.0
Term
142.                 _____ is the sum of all volumes in the lungs (total volume).
 Definition
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY
Term
143.                 The average total lung capacity is _____ mL’s.
 Definition
5800 mL’s
Term
144.                 Normal people should have a forced expiratory volume of _____% of air in 1 second of time.
 Definition
80.00000%
Term
145.                 _____ is where gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
 Definition
ALVEOLAR-CAPILLARY MEMBRANE
Term
146.                 Oxygen must pass through these places at the alveolar-capillary membrane to attach to hemoglobin during gas-exchange.
 Definition
1) ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM, 2) ALVEOLAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE, 3) INTERSTITIAL SPACE, 4) BASEMENT MEMBRANE OF CAPILLARIES, 5) CAPILLARY EPITHELIUM, 6) PLASMA
Term
147.                 Gas exchange at the alveolar-capillary membrane takes place through the process of _____ until equilibrium is reached.
 Definition
DIFFUSION
Term
148.                 The average oxygen pressure in the alveoli of the lungs is _____mmHg, while it is _____mmHg in the RBC.
 Definition
104, 40 mmHg
Term
149.                 The average CO2 pressure in the alveoli is _____mmHg, while it’s _____mmHg in the RBC.
 Definition
40, 45mmHg
Term
150.                 The most important factor governing gas exchange is the _____.
 Definition
PARTIAL PRESSURE OF THE GASSES INVOLVED
Term
151.                 At the tissue capillary membrane, the arteries drop off _____, and pick up _____ converting arteriole blood to venous blood.
 Definition
OXYGEN, CO2
Term
152.                 factors that can affect gas exchange.
 Definition
1) PARTIAL PRESSURES OF THE GASES INVOLVED, 2) LENGTH OF DIFFUSION PATH, 3) AMOUNT OF RBC’S AND CONCENTRATION OF HEMOGLOBIN, 4) SURFACE AREA AVAILABLE FOR DIFFUSION
Term
153.                 factors that can lengthen the diffusion path during gas exchange.
 Definition
1) SCARRING, 2) EDEMA, 3) METAPLASIA/NEOPLASIA
Term
154.                 Oxygen is transmitted through blood by being attached to _____ 97%, which is a large quartinary protein. 3% of the time oxygen is transmitted by being dissolved in _____.
 Definition
HEMOGLOBIN; PLASMA
Term
155.                 Hemoglobin is made up of _____ polypeptide chains.
 Definition
4
Term
156.                 When hemoglobin is attached to oxygen it is called _____.
 Definition
OXYHEMOGLOBIN
Term
157.                 There is a _____ molecule at the center of each hemoglobin molecule oxygen to bind.
 Definition
IRON (FE)
Term
158.                 Hemoglobin is 100% saturated when _____mL of O2 are bound.
 Definition
20.1mL
Term
159.                 1g of hemoglobin is 100% saturated when _____mL of oxygen combines with it.
 Definition
1.34mL
Term
160.                 There are normally _____g of hemoglobin per dL of blood.
 Definition
12-16g
Term
161.                 The normal hemoglobin saturation in the body is between _____%.
 Definition
92-98%
Term
162.                 Below _____% of oxygen saturation is really bad and can be deadly.
 Definition
88.00000%
Term
163.                 Arterial blood is _____% oxygenated, while venous blood is _____% oxygenated.
 Definition
98%, 75%
Term
164.                 _____ is the lack of adequate oxygen to cells.
 Definition
HYPOXIA
Term
165.                 _____ is inadequate oxygen in the blood.
 Definition
HYPOXEMIA
Term
166.                 Clinical hypoxia occurs when pO2 is _____ mmHg.
 Definition
60mmHg
Term
167.                 At rest the normal blood O2 saturation is _____%.
 Definition
75.00000%
Term
168.                 The normal pH of the body at rest is between _____ and _____.
 Definition
7.35-7.45
Term
169.                 things that shift the oxygen saturation curve to the right.
 Definition
1) INCREASED CO2 VOLUME, 2) DECREASED PH, 3) INCREASE IN TEMP
Term
170.                 When the oxygen saturation curve shifts to the right, there is more _____ of oxygen at tissue cells.
 Definition
UNLOADING
Term
171.                 These things cause the oxygen saturation curve to shift to the left, causing more O2 association and more O2 uptake in the lungs.
 Definition
1) INCREASE IN TEMP, 2) INCREASE IN PH, 3) DECREASED CO2
Term
172.                 The normal pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is between _____mmHg.
 Definition
80-100mmHg
Term
173.                 The normal pressure of CO2 in arterial blood is between _____mmHg.
 Definition
35-45mmHg
Term
174.                 There is a higher pressure of CO2 in _____ blood.
 Definition
VENOUS
Term
175.                 Chronic heart failure is usually due to _____ ventricular failure of the heart.
 Definition
LEFT
Term
176.                 Ways carbon dioxide is transported in blood.
 Definition
1) TRANSPORTED VIA THE BICARBONATE ION, 2) ATTACHED TO THE HEME PART OF HEMOGLOBIN, 3) DISSOLVED IN PLASMA
Term
177.                 About _____% of carbon dioxide is dissolved in plasma.
 Definition
7.00000%
Term
178.                 Carbon dioxide is dissolved in plasma when it combines with _____.
 Definition
WATER
Term
179.                 The most common way carbon dioxide is carried in the blood is via the _____.
 Definition
BICARBONATE ION
Term
180.                 About _____% of carbon dioxide is carried via the bicarbonate ion.
 Definition
70.00000%
Term
181.                 When CO2 is transported via the bicarbonate ion, there is a _____ which binds to carbonic acid and makes HCL. The H+ ion is accumulated, which can lead to a _____ state in our bodies.
 Definition
CHLORIDE SHIFT, ACIDIC
Term
182.                 CO2 binds to the _____ part of hemoglobin when it is transported via red blood cells.
 Definition
HEME
Term
183.                 When CO2 binds with the heme part of hemoglobin, it forms _____.
 Definition
CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN
Term
184.                 The Bohr and Haldane effects occur at both the _____ and _____.
 Definition
ALVEOLAR-CAPILLARY MEMBANE, AND TISSUE CAPILLARY MEMBRANE
Term
185.                 _____ in tissues states that the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin is facilitated by the diffusion of CO2 from the tissue cell into the capillary blood.
 Definition
BOHR EFFECT
Term
186.                 _____ in tissues states that the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin favors a greater affinity of CO2 to the hemoglobin.
 Definition
HALDANE EFFECT
Term
187.                 _____ in the lungs states that the binding of O2 in the alveolar capillary membrane facilitates the release of CO2 across the alveolar membrane into the atmosphere.
 Definition
HALDANE EFFECT
Term
188.                 _____ in the lungs states that the unbinding of CO2 from hemoglobin favors a greater affinity of O2 binding to the hemoglobin molecule.
 Definition
BOHR EFFECT
Term
189.                 Neural control of respiration lies in the _____.
 Definition
BRAINSTEM
Term
190.                 The respiratory centers in the medulla are located in the _____ of the ventral portion of the medulla.
 Definition
RETICULAR FORMATION
Term
191.                 respiratory centers located in the medulla.
 Definition
1) INSPIRATORY CENTER, 2) EXPIRATORY CENTER
Term
192.                 This respiratory center in the medulla is spontaneously active and rhythmic. It is responsible for a cycle of inspiration followed by a cycle of expiration.
 Definition
INSPIRATORY CENTER
Term
193.                 This respiratory center in the medulla is inactive during respiration.
 Definition
EXPIRATORY CENTER
Term
194.                 The expiratory center of the medulla is located _____m ventrally along the length of the medulla.
 Definition
BILATERALLY
Term
195.                 Normal expiration takes place by _____ of respiratory muscles. When the rate and depth of inspirations are off, the _____ will engage activating active expiration.
 Definition
RELAXATION, EXPIRATORY CENTER
Term
196.                 When the expiratory center becomes activated, it activates these sets of muscles.
 Definition
1) INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS, 2) ABDOMINALS
Term
197.                 respiratory centers located in the pons.
 Definition
1) PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER, 2) APENUSTIC CENTER
Term
198.                 functions of the pneumotaxic center in the pons.
 Definition
1) INHIBITS INSPIRATORY CENTER ACTIVITY, 2) INHIBITS THE APENUSTIC CENTER
Term
199.                 This respiratory center in the pons continuously stimulates the inspiratory center keeping it rhythmic and coordinated.
 Definition
APNEUSTIC CENTER
Term
200.                 When a doctor is checking vital signs, they are checking a patients _____ function.
 Definition
BRAINSTEM
Term
201.                 drugs that can depress the respiratory centers.
 Definition
1) HYDROCODONE, 2) ANTI-DEPRESSANTS, 3) ANTI-ANXIETIES
Term
202.                 This center in the brain is responsible for controlling emotional responses.
 Definition
LIMBIC CENTER
Term
203.                 _____ is when nerves from muscles and joints signal afferently to the respiratory center.
 Definition
PROPRIOCEPTION
Term
204.                 _____ is related to stretch receptors in the lungs sensing inflation. These receptors send out a negative feedback signal to the inspiratory center to facilitate expiration protecting us from over-inflation of the lungs.
 Definition
HERING-BREUER REFLEX
Term
205.                 These chemoreceptors in the brainstem mainly sense CO2 changes in the blood and body fluids in and around respiratory centers in the medulla.
 Definition
CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS
Term
206.                 Excess CO2 in the body will result in excess _____, making the body more _____.
 Definition
H+; ACIDIC
Term
207.                 Central chemoreceptors regulate _____through the effect of pH on CSF.
 Definition
VENTILATION
Term
208.                 Central chemoreceptors in the medulla are sensitive to _____ changes only.
 Definition
SHORT-TERM
Term
209.                 _____ chemoreceptors located in the carotid and aortic bodies are sensitive to pressure changes of oxygen in the body.
 Definition
PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS
Term
210.                 Peripheral chemoreceptors are triggered by a PO2 pressure of _____ mmHg or less.
 Definition
60mmHg
Term
211.                 Peripheral chemoreceptors are important because we never want to _____ the flow rate of oxygen in a COPD patient.
 Definition
INCREASE
Term
212.                 Why do we not want to increase the flow rate of oxygen in a COPD patient?
 Definition
BECAUSE IF YOU INCREASE THE FLOW RATE, THEN THE PO2 GOES UP AND IT INHIBITS THE TRIGGERS FOR THE PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS. THIS SHUTS DOWN THE DRIVE FOR BREATHING CAUSING DEATH.
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