Term
| What are the managerial and political functions of the federal budget? |
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Definition
-tools of coordination & control
-agenda setting/policy making
-for Congress = purpose & power
-tool of foreign policy
-to influence economy |
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Term
| What are the systems of budgeting? |
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Definition
- object of expense (what will be bought)
- incremental budget (takes the last budget submitted, determines if it was sufficient, insufficient, or excessive and adjusts accordingly)
- zero-based budget - examines the core amount and determines if a program should be funded
- program budget - goals are set and budgets are aligned to meet those goals
- performance-based - ties activities to goals and measures outcomes and efficacy of those outcomes in meeting goals
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Term
| What are the techniques of budgeting? |
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Definition
- open-ended
- fixed-ceiling
- cost benefit analysis
- priority listing
- prioritized, relative-benefit
- unit costing
- across the board
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Term
| What are public budgeting theories? |
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Definition
- policy making
- public finance
- incrementalism
- muddling through & bounded rationalities
- punctuated equilibrium
- multiple rationalities
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Term
| What are the characteristics of effective budgeting? |
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Definition
- comprehensiveness and discipline
- predictable
- legitimate (those allocating the budget should consider those implementing/executing the budget/program
- contestable decisions (by those served by programs)
- flexible
- accountability/transparency
- honest information
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Term
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Definition
| list all requirements for agency and how much it would cost with no regards to an upper limit |
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Term
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Definition
| Upper limit is set and agency builds their budget to fit within that amount |
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Term
| Cost-benefit analysis Technique |
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Definition
| cost vs. goals (higher the benefit, the more funding it receives) |
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Term
| Priority listing Technique |
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Definition
| requirements prioritized until funding runs out (a line is drawn), everything above the line gets funded, everything below the line does not |
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Term
| Prioritized-relative benefit Technique |
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Definition
| rank multiple priority lists for unrelated goals (i.e. CDC and weapons) |
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Term
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Definition
| how many units can a given amount provide (i.e. cost to educate a student) |
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Term
| Across the board Technique |
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Definition
| decrement or increment funds in an even spread |
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Term
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Definition
| Social wants - spending the funds on what the public wants |
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Term
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Definition
| budgets are fixed and gradually increase year to year (repetitive process) |
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Term
| Muddling Through & Bounded Rationalities Theory |
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Definition
| clarify values and objectives THEN apply the means |
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Term
| Punctuated Equilibrium Theory |
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Definition
| politicians etc. produce incremental budgets but eventually opposing sides will force the budget back towards cancelling each other out, mistakes are corrected over time, etc. to crease stability in the overall budget. Also, when both sides agree due to a big event, you will see spikes in the budget |
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Term
| Multiple Rationalities Theory |
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Definition
Everyone in the stage of the budget process acts rationally according to their role in the current stage of the process.
The budget is non-linear and based on real-time decision. |
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