Term
| What are 2 systems that exercise major control over the body? |
|
Definition
| Nervous system and endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| How fast does each system bring about contol? |
|
Definition
| Nervous systme works its control very rapidly while the endocrine system brings about its effects very slowly. |
|
|
Term
| How are secretions in the body secreted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do openings in the skin come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the endocrine system have ducts? |
|
Definition
| No, its secretions are emptied directly into the blood |
|
|
Term
| What do we call secretions from the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of chemical produced in one part of the body and then trnasported through blood to another part where it has a physical or physiological effect |
|
|
Term
| How much of the body can one hormone affect? |
|
Definition
| They can affect just one organ or a large group of cells |
|
|
Term
| What is one hormone that affects nearly the entire body? |
|
Definition
| Growth, which comes out of the pituatary gland |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of growth? |
|
Definition
| It is extremely powerful and secreted in very tiny amounts |
|
|
Term
| What is vasoconstriction? |
|
Definition
| Constriction of blood vessels that causes a change in blood pressure (High Blood Pressure) |
|
|
Term
| What characteristics do some worrysome and high strung people have? |
|
Definition
| Constricted blood vessels and high blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to keep the body in the same state....we have internal mechanisms that make the body stay in the same state |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of how homeostasis works? |
|
Definition
| When you are hot you sweat, and when you are cold you shiver |
|
|
Term
| How can you tell when your homeostasis level is not accurate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of negative feedback |
|
Definition
| You set the thermostat in your house at 68. When the temp. outside drops the heat turns on and the temperature goes back up to 68. When you get back to 68 the heater turns off. |
|
|
Term
| Give an example in the body of negative feedback |
|
Definition
| When your O2 level drops, this stimulates the kidneys to secrete EPO(Eurythropoietin)/The EPO then circulates in the blood and goes to the bone marrow, which increases the number of RBC's |
|
|
Term
| When would your body need negative feedback? |
|
Definition
| When you are in a place with a high altitude |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for your body to adjust to a high altitude? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do people who live in cold climates have a high or low metabolism? |
|
Definition
| High because metabolism produces heat...people who live in these climates must produce heat |
|
|
Term
| What effect does positive feedback have? |
|
Definition
| Causes an increase in hormones |
|
|
Term
| What is oxytocin and where does it come from? |
|
Definition
| It is released from the pituitary gland and causes the uterine muscles to contract during childbirth...it actually causes labor |
|
|
Term
| Is negative or positive feedback more important? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parts of the body does the endocrine system involve? |
|
Definition
| It involves the hypothallamus, and the pit. gland which hangs from a little stalk attached to the hypothallamus |
|
|
Term
| Which part of our body reveals our personality traits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sensors does the hypothallamus contain? |
|
Definition
| Sensors for hunger, thirst, sleep, emotions, and many others |
|
|
Term
| Where do releasing factors or RH (releasing hormones) come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the thyroid gland located? |
|
Definition
| It is wrapped around the neck |
|
|
Term
| What does the pituitary gland consist of? |
|
Definition
| 2 lobes (posterior and anterior) |
|
|
Term
| Which lobe of the pituitary gland releases the most hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the posterior lobe of the pit. gland release? |
|
Definition
| 2 hormones: oxytocin and ADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hormone that stimulates the production of milk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Endorphins are pain relievers...sometimes runner experience a high from a large amount of endorphins being released/endorphins are blocked in drug addicts |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the thyroid? |
|
Definition
| It is located below the voice box and controls metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sum of all the chemical reactions in a living thing |
|
|
Term
| Does the lining of the digestive system have to be renewed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 major hormones in the thyroid gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain TRH (Thyrotropic Releasing Hormone) |
|
Definition
| If you are in a very cold area the body receptors send impulses throughout the nerves in the body and the temp. begins to drop. When you receive this stimulus and blood is slightly cooled, the cells in the hypothallamus stimulate neurons that release TRH...When released they move down into the pituitary gland, which then releases TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormones)...Once TSH is secreted it stimulates the thyroid gland/The gland responds by releasing T4...As T4 is released it rises in blood and you begin to metabolize more rapidly...T4 goes to body cells and increases the metabolic rate/This produces heat |
|
|
Term
| What effect does a high altitude have on the body? |
|
Definition
| It causes a higher number of RBC's |
|
|
Term
| What are some problems with the thyroid? |
|
Definition
Hyperthyroid-metabolic rate is too fast
Hypothyroid-not enough thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of T3 in relation to T4? |
|
Definition
| They have essentially the same function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hyperthyroid...it swells because it tries so hard to produce the hormone |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 mjaor functional areas of the adrenal glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the adrenal glands function? |
|
Definition
| Stress(physical or mental) stimules the body/the body then releases CRF or corticotropic releasing hormone from the hypothallamus and it drips into the anterior pituitary/the pituitary gland then releases ACTH which is adrenalcortictropic hormone/this acts on the adrenal cortex by stimulation/the adrenal cortex then releases cortisol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mobilizes proteins that are used to heal the body/when cortisol is being used the level of useable amino acids increases greatly/this allows bones to heal/it raises blood sugar level, BP(maybe to deliver O2 more rapidly during healing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It reduces stress/athletes get these shots to reduce pain caused by inflamation |
|
|
Term
| What does arthritis mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the medulla and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| The tissue that forms the core of adrenal glands is a mass of nervous tissues or sympathetic neurons (part of the ANS)/sympathetic nerve leads into the medulla/stress is again the stimuli/impulse travels into the medulla through the sympathetic nerve/medulla then releases epinephrine, which we usually call adrenaline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They are secreted by the zona reticularies/similar to testosterone/if there is a tumor in the adrenal glands and you have hypersecretions of this in females/you have masculinizing effects/in males, the androgens would turn to testosterone |
|
|
Term
| How does the body create a stress response? |
|
Definition
| The nerve goes from the hypothallamus to the spinal cord, into the sypathetic nerves, and then into the adrenal medulla to create a stress response |
|
|
Term
| What is the "Fight or Flight" response? |
|
Definition
| These types of stress are chronic and have detrimental effects on people/POW have been studied for information in this area/their minds, heart, blood vessels...have been effected |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| Contains specific endocrine cells that secrete hormones: 1)insulin and 2)glucagon/cells that secrete insulin are called beta cells and the cells that secrete glucagon are called alpha cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the condition called when the body's blood sugar level is too high or low? |
|
Definition
| If the blood sugar level is too high it is called hyperglycemia, too low is called hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of insulin? |
|
Definition
| Necessary for glucose to enter body cells, primarily liver and muscle/acts on the brain to permit the cells to allow glucose to get inside |
|
|
Term
| What would your condition be if you didn't have insulin? |
|
Definition
| Hyperglycemia because the glucose cannot be absorbed, and is floating around in the blood stream |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of glucagon? |
|
Definition
| Isn't active while insulin is/it has the opposite effects of insulin/blood glucose will increase |
|
|
Term
| How does the body function to keep blood sugar level where it should be? |
|
Definition
| 2 hormones are interacting/they use negative feedback, but not on the brain |
|
|
Term
| How does blood sugar level function when you eat? |
|
Definition
| When you eat the blood sugar level begins to rise/this increased glucose level stimulates the pancreas to release insulin/insulin open passageways of body cells and allows glucose to get in |
|
|
Term
| What happens when we eat excess sugar? |
|
Definition
| We store it as glycogen in the liver, primarily |
|
|
Term
| How do you store glucose? |
|
Definition
| Insulin allows the liver to take up the extra glucose and store it for when you need extra energy |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the blood sugar level gets too low? |
|
Definition
| Glucagon is stimulated/it raises the blood sugar level if it drops/it doesn't allow cells to take up glucose/stimulates the liver to release glucose and get the sugar level back up |
|
|
Term
| How many types of diabetes are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The body loses insulin and can't release it because beta cells are destroyed because of an attack on the pancreas/This causes hyperglycemia |
|
|
Term
| What is Type II diabetes? |
|
Definition
| No destruction of cells, but insulin doesn't work and the cells do not respond |
|
|
Term
| What happens with arthritis? |
|
Definition
| An antigen attacks joint tissue |
|
|
Term
| Can a person with Type I do anything to help the condition and is it genetic? |
|
Definition
| Yes, take shorts of insulin/This is genetic |
|
|
Term
| How does a person contract Type II? |
|
Definition
| Occurs around 40 years of age in overweight people |
|
|
Term
| What is one major problem with diabetes? |
|
Definition
| The body metabolizes fats for energy, instead of sugar/body uses fatty acids which lower the pH of blood |
|
|
Term
| What is the average pH of blood and what happens when the pH falls or rises? |
|
Definition
Average is 7.4.If the pH falls 1/2 unit down to about 6.9 the diabetic will pass out/this causes the diabetic coma if it lasts too long
If pH went over 7.5, the body would become agitated and have spasms |
|
|
Term
| What are the major organs of the urinary system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the kidneys and how do they function? |
|
Definition
| They sit above waist in small of back/they are embedded in a network of fat tissue that protects them/1 ureter extends from each kidney/ they both empty into the urinary bladder/urethra then releases urine to outside/urethra is longer in males than females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflamation of the bladder/more commone in females |
|
|
Term
| What do kidney stones do? |
|
Definition
| They clog the ureter/urine cannot be released and it backs up becoming toxic to the tissue in the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary function of the kidneys? |
|
Definition
| To clean and clear blood plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clean or filtered blood plasma |
|
|
Term
| How much of blood plasma is water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Every liquid solution in the body is over what percentage water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for clearing blood plasma? |
|
Definition
| The nephron/there are about 1 million in each kidney |
|
|
Term
| Which elements does it take to create proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids? |
|
Definition
Proteins: C,H,O,N
Carbohydrates: C,H,O
Lipids: C,H,O |
|
|
Term
| What is bad about the nitrogen in proteins? |
|
Definition
| It is toxic to living cells so we must excrete excess N |
|
|
Term
| What happpens after digestion? |
|
Definition
| Carbs and proteins go into the liver and the liver then releases them into circulation/while in the liver, an enzyme cuts off the amino group (H2N) which combines with H to give you NH3(Ammonia)/at this point NH3 is free in your liver/it combines with CO2 to form urea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The combination of NH3 and CO2/ one of the major waste products the kidney gets rid of |
|
|
Term
| What is the major form in which birds excrete N? |
|
Definition
| Uric acid/this can destroy buildings, statues... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presense of urine in the blood containing N/a.k.a. uremic poisoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood urea N/this tests to see how much blood from the urea you have in the body/if high you may have uremia |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the nephron? |
|
Definition
| Waste removal-urea, water balance in the body, ion balance, pH balance |
|
|
Term
| What are some ions in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ions are involved in nerve impulse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does blood get into the kidneys? |
|
Definition
| The right and left renal arteries take oxygenated blood from left ventricle and direct it into the kidneys/when they get into the kidneys they branch ito smaller arteries and arterioles and then capillaries/capillaries allow exchange to occur |
|
|
Term
| How are blood capillaries in the kidneys different than capillaries in other parts of the body? |
|
Definition
| They are more permeable and there are many more |
|
|
Term
| What takes place in the nephron? |
|
Definition
| Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion |
|
|
Term
| What does the ureter lead into ? |
|
Definition
| It comes out of each kidney and into the urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
| What does blood do once it is in the kidneys? |
|
Definition
| It is cleaned and then it re-enters the venules that run alongside the artery/They eventually run into the renal veins and then go back to the inferior vena cava/the blood then entes the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| What happens once urine is formed? |
|
Definition
| All nephrons place fluid in pelvis and then out of ureter and into urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
| How many nephrons are in each kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a nephron look like? |
|
Definition
| A long tube with many twists and turns/it also has a Loop of Henle |
|
|
Term
| Does the whole nephron have the same permeability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the part of the nephron where filtration begins/it starts from a branch of the renal arteries |
|
|
Term
| What surrounds the nephron? |
|
Definition
| A thick mass of capillaries called peritubular capillaries/these are right against the wall of tubule/things can cross the tubule and capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What happens to blood in the peritubular capillaries? |
|
Definition
| It goes into ta venule and out through teh renal vein |
|
|
Term
| How does filtration work in the nephron? |
|
Definition
| When blood comes into the glumerulus the capillaries are highly permeable and Blood pressure is higher/there is a net outward force on the inside of the capillary walls/ capillaries are so permeable that very small things can pass out of the glumerulus(water molecules, ions, urea-from proteins thatt you eat,small molecules such as monossacharies, fatty acids, amino acids can pass through) and get into Bowman's capsule |
|
|
Term
| What is the substance that passes through your nephron called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to things that are too large to pass through the nephron? |
|
Definition
| They come out into the peritubular capillaries |
|
|
Term
| Do RBC's, WBC's, and platelets usually pass through the glomerulus? |
|
Definition
| No, they are not part of the filtrate |
|
|
Term
| What does Bowman's capusule usually contain? |
|
Definition
| Substances filtered out of blood |
|
|
Term
| How are things added and removed from the nephron? |
|
Definition
| Filtrate is monitored by nephron while going through turns |
|
|
Term
| What does salt do to your body? |
|
Definition
| It draws more water out of your cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It contains ions in your body fluids/they replace the electrolytes your body contains |
|
|
Term
| What do the capillaries in the kidneys do? |
|
Definition
| They force very small molecules to pass right through and out of the glumerulus/the RBC's, WBC's, and platelets stay in the glumerulus and get in peritubular capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What passes through/monitored while in tubes of nephron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substances going through the tubule can pass out of tubule and into capillary blood (puts things that shouldn't have been filteredout back into the blood) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Things in the blood that should have been taken out, but weren't, are secreted into the tubule |
|
|
Term
| What are the four things that the kidneys take care of? |
|
Definition
| Waste balance, water balance, ion balance, and pH(H+) balance |
|
|
Term
| Where does urea come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the body secrete H+ ions |
|
Definition
| If you consume highly acidic foods your body will begin to produce them |
|
|
Term
| What do kidneys do when you exercise? |
|
Definition
| They try to keep water in the body while exercising or while your fluids are low |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the substance that comes out of the glomerulus? |
|
Definition
| It goes into Bowman's capsule and moves into the tubule |
|
|
Term
| What is the permeability of the Loop of Henley? |
|
Definition
| It is highly permeable to water, but not solids |
|
|
Term
| What happens when salt is put in a solution? |
|
Definition
| It turns into Na+ and Cl- |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the Loop of Henley? |
|
Definition
| Water comes out on one side and salt comes out on the other |
|
|
Term
| What is ADH and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| It is anti-diuretic hormone/it prevents loss of water/if you consume a lot of fluid you are inhibiting ADH/it acts on the walls of the collecting duct/causes an increase in the permeability of the walls/when you inhibit ADH the fluid goes directly through the collecting duct and into the uretus/when you don't have enough fluid ADH is released and water is retained |
|
|
Term
| What does a high concentration of salt do? |
|
Definition
| It helps pull water out of the collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| What happpens after you consume a lot of alcohol? |
|
Definition
| You have to excrete a lot because alcohol inhibits ADH/ the openings in the collecting ducts stay closed/ thirst and headache are the primary indicators of dehydration |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the long-term dangers of alcoholism? |
|
Definition
| Liver has enzymes involved in detoxification/the only way to sober up is to let the liver detoxify the alcohol (length depends on metabolism)/ chronic alcoholism causes the liver to overload and it forms tough fibers and knots vs. a healthy liver with a spongy feel/liver performs several hundred functions |
|
|
Term
| When did immunology come to the forefront of science? |
|
Definition
| With the outbreak of HIV and AIDS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of the body to recognize and defend us against infection and disease |
|
|
Term
| What does pathogenic mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 major pathogens? |
|
Definition
1)Bacteria-many different strains
2)Viruses-not living things/a virus is a section of nucleic acid |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The major constituent of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A piece of DNA/covered in a capsule called a proteins/ viruses are obligate parasites (they are obligated to live in a living tissue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are chromosomes located? |
|
Definition
| In the nucleus of the cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the most contagious virus on earth and what is it caused by? |
|
Definition
| The common cold and it is caused by a rhino(nose) virus |
|
|
Term
| Why can't the cold be cured? |
|
Definition
| There are a variety of rhino viruses and 1 vaccine can't cure them all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They convert nitrogen to oxygen in plants |
|
|
Term
| How many types of allergens are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are allergens involved with the specific or non-specific innune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are immune systemsinherited? |
|
Definition
| Yes, but everyone's is different |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anything capable of causing the production of antibodies, which are small blood proteins |
|
|
Term
| What could qualify as an anitgen? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria, virus, pollen, dust, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Why can't antibodies fight off AIDS? |
|
Definition
| The antibodies we produce aren't powerful enough |
|
|
Term
| What are foreign antigens and self antigens? |
|
Definition
| Foreign antigens come from outside the body and self come from inside |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 areas of immuity? |
|
Definition
| Nonspecific immune response and specific immune response |
|
|
Term
| What is the nonspecific immune response? |
|
Definition
| It does not require that the body have any knowledge or recognition of that organism |
|
|
Term
| What is the specific immune response? |
|
Definition
| You 1st must be invaded by the antigen and you many contract the disease/the 2nd time the antigen gets into your body you have an immunity to it |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of the specific immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the body's first line of defense? |
|
Definition
| Skin and various secretions/skin provides a physical barrier/saliva and tears contain bacteria that destroy enzymes called lysozymes/secretions are primarily effective against bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What is the body's second line of defense? |
|
Definition
| Involves many cell types/phagocyte-cell type that engulfs an organism, releases enzymes and destorys the bacteria/we have fixed phagocytes in the body/NK-natural killer cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are macrophages and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| They are large phagocytes/they are in the nervous system, respiratory system, etc./fixed macrophages remain in one place and moving migrate to various tissues/ moving are moved in the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| Do fixed and moving phagocytes work the 1st time? |
|
Definition
| Yes, they work when they first detect the infection |
|
|
Term
| What kind of cell in the body is sometimes phagocytic? |
|
Definition
| White blood cells/they attack infections the first time they detect them too |
|
|
Term
| What do natural killers do? |
|
Definition
| Act against cancer and viral infections/they lock on to a surface of the membrane and inject a chemical |
|
|
Term
| Do natural killers recognize an organism the 1st time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the body's 3rd line of defense? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the inflammatory response work? |
|
Definition
| Ex. When you cut your finger, your body releases chemicals that make capillaries more permeable/plasma leaks out of capillaries and into tissues/this causes swelling/ WBC's form puss when they mix with tissue cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the body's 4th line of defense? |
|
Definition
| Fever inactivates bacteria/Pyrogens contribute to fever/Things that get in the body such as toxins released by bacteria cause fevers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They prevent the spread of vius after it has infected cretain cells |
|
|
Term
| What is viral replication? |
|
Definition
| One of the primary ways in which a virus destorys living cells/ viruses replicate so much that they cause the cell to disintegrate/sometimes they cause the virus to protrude |
|
|
Term
| What happens when we interfere with a virus? |
|
Definition
| Surrounding cells secrete enzymes so they can't spread/these react against foreign antigens 1st time |
|
|
Term
| What are the main cells involved with the specific immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do T and B Cells come from? |
|
Definition
| They arise in bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| What is the thymus gland? |
|
Definition
| It shrinks as we get older, but when young it is right above the heart/hormones act on lymphocytes that circulate withing the thymus/lymphocytes become T Cells when acted on in the thymus/some T Cells pass through here |
|
|
Term
| Where do T Cells take up residence? |
|
Definition
| Some in lymph nodes, some in the spleen, and some circulate in the blood |
|
|
Term
| Where do B Cells take up residence and where are they acted on? |
|
Definition
| They are acted on by hormones while in the bone marrow and they take up residence in lymph nodes and spleen just like T Cells |
|
|
Term
| How many types of T Cells are there and what are the types? |
|
Definition
3 Basic Types:
1)Killer or cytotoxic T Cells (Tc)
-those are the T cells that zero in on a foreign antigen and attempt to destroy it
2)Helper T Cells (Th)
-They lock onto another type of T or B Cell and release chemicals that allow the T or B Cell to function
-Tc must be activated by Th
-If Th are not present or are inadequate in # you can't have a specific immune response
3)Supressor T Cells(Ts)
-They supress and keep downt he population of T and B Cells
-They prevent the cells from increasing too much |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They are activated by a helper T cell/then exposed to an antigen/The B cell then changes into a plasma cell/the plasma cell then secretes the antibodies/they then work with T Cells to provide specific immunity |
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Term
| For every antibody produced you must have a certain what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when you are vaccinated? |
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Definition
| You make antibodies against the disease you are exposed to |
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Term
| Do T Cells form antibodies? |
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Definition
| No, they provide cellular immunity |
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Term
| What line of defense is the specific immune response? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens when we contract a virus? |
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Definition
The body
1)Activates T cells that are now capable of recognizing the virus next time
2)The B cells start producing antibodies against that virus |
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Term
| Why don't you usually contract childhood viruses twice? |
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Definition
| The next time you get the virus the T Cells will zero in on it and kil it/cells that remain in your body after being exposed to an antigen have a memory |
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Term
| What is natural immunity? |
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Definition
| The ability that your cells have to create a memory of a virus |
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Term
| What is artificial immunity? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| The type of immunity in which you make the antibodies/has memory cells |
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Term
| What is passive immunity? |
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Definition
| When you don't make antibodies and you receive injections from another source/has no memory cells |
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Term
| How can passive immunity be acquired? |
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Definition
| From another animal or person by injection, or from your mother when mother passes them to fetus or through breastmilk |
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Term
| Is active immunity artificial or natural? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where does active artificial immunity come from? |
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Definition
| Vaccines/vaccine is a weakened attenuated virus/it gives you an adequate dose of virus to create antibodies, but not enough to contract the disease |
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Term
| What do self antigens do? |
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Definition
| When active, it attacks our own cells and we don't know why/this is called auto immunity |
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Term
| What are some auto-immune diseases? |
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Definition
Type I diabetes becaues the Beta cells are destroyed
-Arthritis-antigen attacks body at joint tissue
-Thyroiditis-interfers with secretion of thyroid hormone
-Musculoskeletal diseases-antigen attacks covering around muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| Accquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Human immunodeficiency virus/there are several types/it is an RNA virus/most potent virus ever/extremely difficult to contract because it is a blood formed virus (fluid requiring virus)/can only contract through blood, sexual transmission,and contaminated needles |
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Term
| Does HIV positive mean that you have HIV? |
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Definition
| No, sometimes it will lie dormant for ten years/you will start to produce antibodies against it |
|
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Term
| What does the polio virus do? |
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Definition
| It attacks nervous tissue, specifically gray matter in spinal cord/it destroys motor neurons so the impulse can't get out through the axon |
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Term
| What is the most common effect of polio? |
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Definition
| Paralysis/it can paralyze any part of the body |
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Term
| Where does AIDS take up residence? |
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Definition
| T cells/it reproduces there until there are virtually no T-Cells left and you get AIDS/you develop secondary or opportunistic diseases |
|
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Term
| What are some symptoms of AIDS? |
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Definition
| Fatigue, vomitting, diarrhea/you have no immunity |
|
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Term
| Why is HIV so hard to cure? |
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Definition
| Viruses are pieces of genetic material/the molecules mutate so the vaccines only work for a short time |
|
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Term
| What are the types of blood? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are antibodies found? |
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Definition
| Freee in the blood stream |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| clumping together/occurs when blood types arent' compatiblle |
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Term
| How do you determine who can donate blood to whom? |
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Definition
| You must consider the antigens and antibodies/you can't have the same antigen and antibodies in blood of recipient |
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Term
| Can an A donor give to B? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No, becasue O has a and b antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yes, O is the universal donor because it has no antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yes, any blood type can give to AB because it has not antibodies/it is the universal recipient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It was discovered by Rhesus monkey/if you have the antigen you are considered positive |
|
|
Term
| How many possible combinations of blood types are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only transfusion that can't work(as far as the Rh antigen is concerned)? |
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Definition
| Someone who is Rh+ can't donate to someone who is Rh-/it introduces a foreign antigen to that person |
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|
Term
| In an emergency, what kind of blood do you give to someone that you don't have time to cross match? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When were antigens and antibodies first discovered? |
|
Definition
| In the 1940's Dr.Lansteiner discovered this/until then they thought all blood was the same |
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Term
| What can happen when a male who is Rh+ reproduces with a femal who is Rh- and they conceive a child who is Rh+? |
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Definition
| Sometimes, they blood from the infant can seep across the placenta and mix with the mother's blood/the mother's body responds by producing anti Rh antibodies/these can seep back across and enter the baby's blood where they cause the blood to agglutinate/1st baby is usually not affected,but 2nd and so forth are because the mother's body has produced more antibodies that seep back to the baby |
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Term
| What happens when the baby who is Rh+ get Rh+ antibodies? |
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Definition
| The RBC's clump and stick together/some phagocytes attack these clumps and break down RBC's/this releases hemoglobin into the blood stream/hemoglobin is what binds to O2 chemically/it eventually flows through liver/liver breaks it down into Belirubin/Belirubin is now running through circulatory system and causes Jaundice |
|
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Term
| What are symptoms of Jaundice? |
|
Definition
| The skin takes on a yellow-orangish color/they do an immediate transfusion if it is very serious/If serious O2 level falls because RBC's have been destroyed by phagocytes/kidneys are then stimulated to release EPO which increases the production of RBC's/RBC's are being released while still young and while they still have a nucleus/they are not efficient transporters of O2/they are called eruthroblast/this is called erythroblastosis fetalis/They can give the mother medication to destroy the anti-Rh antibodies/this is specific immune response |
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