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| belonging to god, those called out, the people of God who come together from the whole world; the local church (diocese); the liturgical assembly |
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| a group of people gathered together in answer to a summons |
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| binding agreement between god and his people |
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| greek term for service. Christ commisioned his Church to translate the words of love into concrete acts of service for all people, especially the poor, the lonely, the imprisoned, the sick and suffering |
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| central truth of revelation that Catholics are obliged to believe |
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| worldwide, official assembly of the bishops under the direction of the Pople. There have been 21 Ecumenical Councils |
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| movement to restore the unity of Christ's Church |
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| a sign of grace instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church. A sacrament is an example of this because it is concrete, outward, visible sign that is, at the same time, what it represents |
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| a false teaching that denies an essential (dogmatic) teaching of the Church |
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| the sacred leadership of the Church that is made up of the Pope, bishops, priests, and deacons |
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| greek word for proclamation of religious truths about Jesus Christ |
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| greek word for fellowship. Christans are called to build fellowship with one another so that they can be a sign of Christ to the world |
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| latin word for liturgy, which means work of the public |
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| latin meaning light of the nations. Dogmatic Constitution of the Church |
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| teaching authority of the Church |
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| traditional signs of the church -- one, holy, catholic, and apostolic |
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| literally a witness, one who has been killed because of his or her own faith |
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| Christ's work of redemption accomplished by his passion, death, resurrection, and ascension |
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| an efficacious symbol; an outward sign instituted by Christ to confer grace |
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| a break in Christian unity that takes place when a group of Christians separates itself from the Church; a division or split |
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| first church council, at which leaders determined that Gentiles could be baptized without having to become Jews first |
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| member of the Sanhedrin who advocateda look/see policy toward Christians |
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| first century Jewish historian |
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| denied that a good God could have created the material world; taught that the God of the Old Testament was not the true God but rather that the true God had been revealed only with Jesus Christ, so he rejected the Old Testament as being God's word |
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| Roman Emperor; sociopath; brutally murdered Christians, blaming them for his misdeeds such as the burning of Rome |
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| taught that bishops could not forgive the sins of apostasy, murder or adultery; he wanted a church of perfect people only |
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| apologist; wrote to Jews that Jesus was the Messiah, the Church, the New Israel, and Christan teachings fulfill the Torah |
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| head of the Apostles, first Pope, Bishop of Rome |
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| martyr, defender of the orthodox faith |
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| deacon, first Christian martyr |
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| apologistl constucted crucial doctrinal formulations |
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| prophetic book with profound symbolism to inspire and encourage christians during persecution |
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| second century writers who defended and explained Christianity to non-believers |
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| "one sent", witness to Jesus' resurrection |
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| someone who personally knew the apostles or their disciples |
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| to speak impiously or irrelevantly of God |
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| official list of approved books deemed inspired by God |
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| dispersion of Jews outside of Jersualem |
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| the teaching aimed at candidates for admission to the church; mentions doctrines like trinity, discusses moral teachings, and explains the rites of initiation |
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| assistants to the bishops and priests |
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| an apocalyptic Jewish group that separated itself from Temple worship and believed that God would usher in his kingdrom through a catastrophic even |
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| one who proclaims the Gospel, good news |
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| belief that Jesus gave secret teaching, knowable only to the few; the physical world was evil |
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| right belief; right teaching |
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| "Peace of Rome", a two century period of political stability thathelped the spread of Christianity |
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| Jewish group that advocated strict observance of Mosaic law |
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| Jewish upper class, religious and political leaders who tolerated Roman Rule |
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| supreme legislative council of all the Jews |
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| incitement of discontent or rebellion against government |
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| seeing together, the similar Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke |
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| Jewish radical group who opposed Rome and engaged in guerilla warfare |
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| proclamation of Emperor Constantine which legalized and tolerated Christianity |
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| Constantine called and presided overt this, the Chruch' first Ecumenical Council, which met in Nicea. The council formulated the Nicene Creed, which affirmed the doctrine of consubstantiality |
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| heretic priest from Alexandria, taught arianism |
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| son of Pepin, Frankish king; protector of papacy; first holy roman emperor |
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| frankish leader, father of Pepin, grandfather to Charlemagne, defeated Islamic forces at the Battle of Tours |
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| byzantine emperor who instituted a major reform of civil law -- Justian Code |
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| arabian merchant whose vision lead to the establishment of Islam |
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| frankish king, father of Charlemagne, donated land to the Pople which started the Papal States |
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| father of the church; bishop of Milan; called by the people; great preacher who converted Augustine to Christianity; argued against Arianism |
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| hermit, considered to be the first Christian monk and father of monasticism |
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| father of the Church; son of St Monica, author of confessions and city of God; one of the Church's greatest theologians |
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| patron saint of Europe and founder of the most influential form of monasticism |
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| british monk who evangelized the European continent, especially Germany |
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| established convents in Ireland |
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| defended the title Theotokos for Mary, strestting that Mary was the Mother of God |
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| first Pope to assume the title of servant of the servants of god, reformed liturgy, secured the positiion of the papacy, advanced missionary activity in Europe |
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| father of the church who translated the bible into latin and wrote a biblical commentary |
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| doctrine of hypostatic union |
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| her persistent prayer led to the conversion of her son, st. Augustine |
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| heresy that denied christ's divinity; held that Christ was not co-extensive with God, and that Father, the Son, and the Holy spirit were separate and distinct |
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| the combining of the power of the secular government with the authority of the church |
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| governing system in which a superior or lord granted land to a vassal in return for military services |
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| heresy that denied Jesus' humanity; claimed Jesus only appeared to be human; the material world was evil |
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| the flight of Mohammed and his followers to Medina in 622; marks the first year of the Muslim Era |
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| a person who separates himself or herself from the world in prayer and penance in order to be devoted to the praise of God and salvation of the world |
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| the doctrine formally taught at the Council of Chalcedon, that in Jesus Christ, one divine person subsits of two natures, the divine and human |
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| collection of laws for the emperor justinian, based on christian values, that became the basis of European law |
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| 4th century hersey that claimed that the son created the Holy Spirit who was, in turn, subordinate to the Father and the Son |
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| religious life in which women or men leave the secular world and enter a convent or monastery to devote themselves to prayer, contemplation, and self-denial in solitude |
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| heresy that taught that there is but one nature in the person of Christ, almost completely divine |
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| 5th century heresy that held that humans could save themselves without divine grace |
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| guidebooks for the assignemnt of uniform penances |
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| means god bearer; title bestowed on Mary as the Mother of God. |
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| giving one tenth to the Church |
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| Latin translation of the Bible completed by St Jerome, the authorized Bible used in the Catholic Church up to the modern era |
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| Eastern Schism or the Great Schism |
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| break between the Eastern and Western church, mainly over questions of Church authority |
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| promulgated by Pope Gregory VII, these precepts asserted that no secular power had authority over the Church or over the authority of the Pope |
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| Solved the question of lay investiture, the emperor invested bishops with temporal signs of office (scepter) and only the Church could invest a bishop with the spiritual signs of office (ring and staff). |
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| called by Pope Innocent III; a summons to spiritual reform; among things established: secrecy of the confessional, Real Presence (Transubstantiation), fixing the number of sacraments at seven, enforcement of clerical celibacy |
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| heretical group that preached the inherent evil of material possessions, the evil of marriage, and the position that suicide was not an immoral act |
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| most effective Holy Roman Emperor of the 10th century; he deposed Pope John XXII and appointed his own Pope; thus, German nobles controlled papal states for nearly a century |
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| radical reformist group founded by Peter Waldo that attacked the hierarchical nature of the Church and its sacramental and priestly system; preached that the only true Christian was who vowed total poverty |
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| formulated the law for papal elections to free them from secular influence and control |
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| Hildebrand, monk from the Cluny monastery; inaugurated reforms, mandated celibacy, worked to end investiture, and issued the Dictates of the Pope, claiming absolute spiritual and temporal power |
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| exemplified the papacy’s claim to temporal power when, in 1095, he called the First Crusade to help the beleaguered Eastern Empire and to rescue the Holy Land from the Muslims |
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| brilliant canon lawyer who believed that Christ granted both spiritual and secular leadership to the pope; he saw Europe as one large monastery with himself as the abbot; in his reign, the Church emerged from the Dark Ages where it was at the mercy of feudalism |
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| issued 2 papal bulls to combat nationalism and made the strongest claim of papal supremacy of any medieval pope declaring “that it is absolutely necessary for salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman Pontiff.” |
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| last father of the church |
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| protege of st francis of Assisi, founded the order of the Poor Clares for women, which is modeled on St. Francis' rule |
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| founder of the Friars Preacher, popularly called the Dominicans or Order of Preachers |
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| founded order of Friars Minor; his simplicity and beautiful understanding of the Christian way of life served to call the Church back to Gospel values |
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| greatest scholastic theologian; Summa Theologica; scholasticism |
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| city people, the merchant class in the middle ages |
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| notion of the Christian world as a sort of social and political polity; a vision of a Christian government devoted to the enforcement of Christian values, whose institutions are suffused with Christian piety |
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| refers to the European Middle Ages (ca. 475-1000), called so because of the havoc caused by the partitioning of the Holy Roman Empire, a new wave of invasions (Norsemen, Vikings, Magyars), and the general feeling that the end of the world was near |
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| banning a person from membership in the Church and all rights of Church membership including participation in the sacraments |
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| an injuction forbidding the celebration of the sacraments |
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| the practive whereby secular leaders appointed bishops in their domains, usurping the right of the Pope to choose them |
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| Liturgy of the Office or Divine Office |
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| daily public prayer of the Church which makes the whole course of night and day |
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| a religious follower who relies only on begging to survive |
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| passing on benefits or lands to one's children or relatives |
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| official document written by the pople and sealed with a red wax seal known as bulla |
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| program of the Church, in collaboration with secular authorities, to judge the guilt of suspected heretics with the goal of getting them to repent; abused through the use of torture, anonymous accusations, and state executions |
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| movement to spare women, clergy, and children, and peassants from attack by warring feudal lords |
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| general term that encompasses the theological and philsophical system developed by major Catholic thinkers |
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| the buying and selling of spiritual things, for example, church offices |
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| philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas noted for its clarity of thought, insistence on truth, respect for human reason and defense of Christian revelation |
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| the consecrated substance bread and wine at Eucharist become the substance of the body and blood of Christ – Christ’s Real Presence, not merely a memorial or sign |
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| outlawed combat from Wednesday evening to Monday morning as well as all religious holidays; helped to end many small wars and temper savagery |
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papal bull issued by Pope Boniface VII in 1302 that asserted that the Popes were supreme over secular rulers in both spiritual and temporal affairs and that being subject to the Pope was necessary for salvation
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| the basic credo of Lutheranism |
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| babylonian captivity of the church |
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| the bubonic plague, which devastated Europe during the Renaissance |
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| called by King Sigismund, then formally convoked by Pope Gregory XII (fromRome), who then abdicated. Council deposed the two remaining Popes and elected Pope Martin V, ending the Great Western Schism |
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| this important council strove to eliminate problems in the Church and to determine once and for all the doctrinal and disciplinary issues with which Protestant reformers disagreed |
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| humanist scholar who sought to reform society, apply the Gospel to the political system, and prod the church into self renewal |
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| After the return of the papacy toRomefromAvignon, Italian mobs supposedly frightened the cardinals into electing an Italian as Pope (Urban VI). So, French cardinals elected a new Pope (Clement VII) and returned with him toAvignon. Both Popes – and their successors – claimed to be the true Pope. The schism lasted 1378-1417. |
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| list of books that were forbidden to Catholics in order to protect them from heretical ideas |
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| religious desire for an intimate union with the divine |
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| a list posted by Martin Luther on the church door atWittenberg, condemning the selling of indulgences and calling for a debate among theologians over reforming the Church; marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation |
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| 16th century movement to reform the Church that escalated into a separation from the church altogether |
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| an Italian Dominican priest and Florentine leader in the mid-1400’s. he attempted moral reforms but was too harsh, which led his supporters to turn on him and burn him at the stake in 1498 |
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| a classic work on the spiritual life written by ignatius of loyola |
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| the most infamous Pope of the Renaissance; a Borgia, he used nepotism and simony to enrich himself and family |
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| last of the avignon popes |
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| radical reforming sects, for example, Baptists, Mennonites, Quakers, and Amish, that taught that infant Baptism was invalid and that only adults could be baptized |
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| English heretic who attacked papal authority, and dismissed the validity of the hierarchy, the sacraments, and priesthood; championed the people’s right to read the Bible in their own language |
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| Bohemian who taught Wyclif's teachings; stressed the authoity of the Bible and the importance of preaching |
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| French reformer who denied sacraments, condemned papacy, monasticism, and celibacy and taught predestination |
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| brought Presbyterianism, an offshoot of Calvinism, toScotland; stressed the priesthood of all believers, thus requiring no separate clergy |
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| King Henry VIII of England |
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| declared himself the head of the Church of England and not bound to the dictates ofRome |
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| German, Augustinian monk. Major reformer who condemned the selling of indulgences, called for reform, and eventually broke with the Church over the questions of justification, the primacy of Scripture over Tradition, and the primacy of the priesthood of the laity. |
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| Queen Elizabeth I of England |
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| established the Anglican religion inEnglandby synthesizing Calvinist, Lutheran, and Catholic elements |
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Swiss priest who set up a reform Protestantism inSwitzerland; encouraged a democratic rule for the church; taught that the Eucharist is only a sign of Christ’s presence
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| doctor of the Church; prolific letter writer; her goal was to get Gregory XI to return toRome |
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| a zealous reforming bishop of milan |
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| founder of the society of Jesus (Jesuits) |
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| heard voices of God calling her to save France; led the French against the English in the Battle of Orleans and was victorious; was later captured by England and martyred |
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| founded a society of secular priests called the congregation of the Oratory |
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| catholic reformer; supported the fight against the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Lepanto |
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| Jesuit, Doctor of the Church, wrote treatises that refuted the protests of heretics; showed how authority comes from God; created a catechism for teachers |
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| Doctor of the Church, spiritual writer; taught that prayer is simply talking to God; author of the Interior Castle; she reformed the Carmelite order |
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lawyer, chancellor ofEnglandunder Henry III, stood firm in his conscience and would not agree to Henry’s divorce and revolt againstRome(Act of Supremacy); he died a martyr
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| idea popular in the Middle Ages that a general council of the Church had more authority than the Pope and could depose him if need be |
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| Latin for “whose region, his religion”; This means that the religion of the monarch would be the religion of the people. The term was used in the Peace of Augsburg (1555). |
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| a cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized the rediscovery of art, literature, and the civilizations of ancientGreeceandRome |
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| the remission before God of the temporal punishment due to forgiven sins |
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| the cultural rebirth begun in the late Middle Ages; stressed the natural and human, the pleasures of life, the human body, and celebrated education |
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| a civil government under Church control |
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| a natural religion that developed in the Age of Enlightenment that embraced the belief that while God does exist and did create the world, he refrains from any sort of interference or participation in it |
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| a belief from the Age of Enlightenment that taught that the only reality is what we perceive with our senses. Empiricists encouraged doubt about accepted beliefs and ridiculed religion, religious authority, and traditional Church doctrines |
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| a term associated with the Age of Reason following the Protestant Reformation where it was generally held that only human reason, separated from religious belief, can “enlighten” people. |
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| forced upon the French clergy by King Louis XIV in 1682: (1) the Pope has no power in temporal matters; (2) general councils are superior to the Pope in spiritual matters; (3) the papacy must adapt its rulings to the French church; (4) the decrees of the Popes are only binding on the faithful when a general council agrees to them. |
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| a secret society using secret signs and symbols, an offshoot of Deism, founded inEngland; attacked Christianity and was condemned by Pope Clement XII |
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| a religious and political theory that asserted the independence of theFrenchChurchfrom the authority of the Pope |
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| the English Parliament’s disposition of King James II (Catholic) and the elevation of his Protestant daughter, Mary, to the throne and her marriage to William of Orange (Protestant) |
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| heretical belief of Cornelius Jansen (1585-1638), a bishop of Ypres in France, that taught the utter depravity of human nature and that God’s grace extends to only a few – an offshoot of Calvinism |
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| heretical theory asserted by Joseph II in the 18th century that advocated the control of state in matters of religion, including the control over naming bishops |
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| a term describing the efforts of the 19th century to attempt to reconcile Church teaching with the liberal ideas that emerged from the French Revolution |
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| 17th century heresy inspired by the Spanish priest, Michael Molinos, that took a dim view of human nature, holding that humans are powerless and should not try to resist temptations since they are God’s will |
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| a philosophy of the Age of Enlightenment that taught that only human reason, separated from religious belief, can bring people into the light |
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| launched by Robespierre, this was a period in the French Revolution characterized by brutal repression; most civil liberties were suspended, and the French monarch, nobility, and many of the clergy were executed |
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| French dictator who forced the clergy to promise allegiance to the French Revolution rather than to the Pope; inaugurated the Reign of Terror |
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| Protestant Prince fromHolland, wed to Mary, daughter of James II ofEngland |
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| great missionary to the far east (apostle to the indies) |
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| scholar and noble who became bishop of Calvinist Geneva; His firm belief in the compassion of God and God’s unconditional love made him a powerful but gentle spiritual leader who drew many to Catholicism |
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| noblewoman, wife, and mother, who sought St. Francis de Sales as a spiritual director and eventually, with him, established the Order of Visitation, a community of sisters who became “daughters of prayer” |
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| the wonder worker of Peru, worked diligently to lessen the evils of slavery |
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| greatest organizer of charity in history; founded an order of priests called the Congregation of theMissionand an order of nuns (with St. Louise de Marillac), the Daughters of Charity |
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| missionary who ministered to the slaves in columbia and the west indies |
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| with St Vincent de Paul, founded the Daughters of Charity, who were devoted to serving the sick, poor, elderly, and orphans |
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| french jesuit who served as a missionary in the new world; martyred by African Americans |
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| promoted devotion to Jesus as the Sacred Heart |
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| founded an order of teaching brothers, was committed to serving the poor and to educate them |
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| known as the Cure d’Ars; a priest and confessor whose humility and holiness drew many people to the Church |
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| founded the order of Salesians; established schools for street kids |
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| shepherd girl fromLourdesin France to whom the Blessed Virgin appeared, declaring herself to be the “Immaculate Conception” |
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Definition
| Revolutionary leader who declared himself emperor ofFranceand led French troops to conquer most of Europe; defeated atWaterloo |
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