Term
| What are the basic vital functions of the brainstem? |
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Definition
| Control of respiration, heart rate, contains nuclei for cranial nerves, tracts between cerebellum and all caudal structures, and major connections for the cerebellum |
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Term
| What are the major divisions of the brainstem? |
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Definition
| Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
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Term
| What is the ventricular system of the brain? |
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Definition
| Series of interconnected ependyma-lined cavities within the CNS |
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Term
| What is contained within the ventricular system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the brainstem ventricular structures? |
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Definition
| Cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain and the fourth ventricle between the pons/medulla and cerebellum |
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Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid is primary secreted by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid |
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Definition
| Choroid plexus -> 3rd ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle -> subarachnoid space via the foramena leading out the 4th ventricle |
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Term
| What is the brainstem surface associated with the 4th ventricle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the surface markings of the rhomboid fossa? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is significant about the obex of the rhomboid fossa |
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Definition
| Site of 4th ventricle closure and the beginning of the central canal of the spinal cord |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the midbrain? |
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Definition
| Pons to the mammillary bodies of the diencephalon anteriorly, from the posterior commissure to the caudal inferior colliculus dorsally |
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Term
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Definition
| Two pairs of bumps on the midbrain, the superior and inferior colliculi |
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Term
| What are the superior and inferior colliculi referred to collectively? |
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Definition
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Term
| The superior colliculus is associated with which pathway? |
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Definition
| Visual pathways via coordination of visual reflexes and control of eye movements |
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Term
| The inferior colliculus performs what function? |
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Definition
| Forms a relay station of the auditory pathway from the cochlea to the cerebral cortex, also coordinates auditory reflexes |
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Term
| The cerebral aqueduct is the only path of communication between what structures? |
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Definition
| 3rd and 4th ventricle, common site of CSF blockage |
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Term
| The midbrain contains nuclei for what cranial nerves? What are they associated with? |
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Definition
| CN III and IV, modulate contraction of extraoccular muscles |
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Term
| Where does CN III emerge from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does CN IC emerge from? |
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Definition
| Dorsally bellow the inferior colliculus |
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Term
| What are the pons derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the borders of the pons? |
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Definition
| Ventrally between superior and inferior pontine sulcu, dorsally contributes to the floor of the 4th ventricle |
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Term
| What is contained within the Pontine Tegmentum (dorsal pons) |
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Definition
| Pontine cranial nerve nuclei V and part of the reticular formation (for consciousness). Forms floor of 4th ventricle |
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Term
| What is contained within the Basilar pons (ventral pons) |
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Definition
| Cortically derived axons (corticotubular, corticospinal, corticopontine), pontine nuclei, axonal projections of pontine nuclei to cerebellum (middle cerebellar peduncle) |
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Term
| What cranial nerves are found in the pons? |
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Definition
| CN V, VI, VII, part of VIII |
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Term
| Where does CN V (trigeminal n.) emerge from the pons? |
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Definition
| Substance of the pons - pons and middle cerebellar peduncle |
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Term
| Where do CN VI, VII, and VIII emerge from the pons? |
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Definition
| Pontomedullary junction (inferior pontine sulcus) |
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Term
| What is the medulla derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| The medulla contains primary nuclei for what kind of autonomic control? |
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Definition
| Respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, and reticular formation with the spinal cord |
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Term
| The upper medulla is structurally related to what? |
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Definition
| Contains caudal half of 4th ventricle |
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Term
| What are the various divisions of the medulla? |
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Definition
| Upper medulla, obex, striae medullares, and inferior pontine sulcus, lower medulla with the central canal |
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Term
| What structure is contained within the lower medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is contained within the pyramids of the medulla? |
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Definition
| Coticospinal and corticobulbar axons cross over within the pyramidal tract |
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Term
| Name the surface features of the medulla |
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Definition
| Pyramids, olivary eminence, preolivary sulci, anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus, gracile tubercle, cuneate tubercle |
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Term
| What does the gracile tubercle receive innervation from? |
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Definition
| Dorsal column innervation from leg at T6 down via the fasciculus gracilis |
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Term
| What does the cuneate tubercle receive innervation from? |
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Definition
| Dorsal column innervation from upper limp at T6 up via fasciculus cuneatus |
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Term
| What cranial nerve nuclei are found in the medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does CN IX and X emerge from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does CN XI emerge from? |
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Definition
| Partly from the postolivary sulcus |
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Term
| Where does CN XII emerge from? |
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Definition
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