Term
| Chemical vs Electrical Synapse |
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Definition
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Term
| Fast vs slow transmission |
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Definition
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Term
Chemical synpase in the CNS
(compared to the simplicity of the NMJ) |
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Definition
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Term
Multiple endings, multiple receptors, multiple transmitters, summation of action.
where? |
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Definition
| Chemical synpase in the CNS |
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Term
| Practical side of studying CNS synpase |
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Definition
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Term
| challenge in studying synaptic transmission in the cns |
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Definition
| not understandind the mechanism. probably won't |
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Term
| nature's choice to make a receptor |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
high for its ligand
affinity is defined by Kd - equilibrium dissociation constant
the smaller the Kd the higher the affinity
Kd is the concentration of the ligand [L/H] when 50% of the receptor is occupied by that ligand |
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Term
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Definition
how selective is the binding
imporant to reduce side effects
ligand specificity - receptors require certain ligands for binding
tissue or cellular specificity ( where receptor can be found)
temporal specifcity (when the receptor is being exposed) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| neurochemistry of the cholinergic synapse |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
rate limiting step of nAChR
(choline uptake) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
mAchr bind to it
toxcin from certain mushroom
first excites then blocks the receptor
antagonists - atropine & scopolamine
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Term
| muscarine - tissue distribution |
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Definition
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Term
| cholingeric neruons & diseases |
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Definition
implicated in:
alzheimers
huntingtons
learning/ memory
cognition/pain |
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Term
| what we know about mAchr/ what we do not know |
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Definition
| "Knowing the messenger is fine we know that ACH binds to mAchr but it doesn't tell us anything about the message" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| previously thought - GABA |
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Definition
| previously thought that GABA is the major inhibitory trasnmitter in the forebrain; the major inhibitory transmitter in the brain stem and spinal cord in glycine. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| molecular mechanisms of GABAergic synpases |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
GABA receptor
A* & C - retina |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| GABAb receptor - increase K+ conductance to induce hyperpolarization |
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Term
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Definition
this channel/receptor is a cl- channel and induces IPSP
increased Cl- permeability Ecl is a -70 mV at this membrane potential, Cl- would go into the cell
hyperpolarization
decreased effectiveness of excitatory input |
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Term
| GABA a receptoris modulated by 2 classes of drugs |
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Definition
benzodiazepines - increase the frequency of cl- channel opening
barbiturates - increase duration of cl- channel opening slightly decrease the frequency of opening |
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Term
| GABAa receptor and drug discovery |
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Definition
| to make drugs better than BDZS & barbiturates to develop drugs that have anxiolytic and anti convulsant actions but no sedative and muscle relaxant actions for mental disease or epileptic patients |
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Term
| Gaba a receptor and anesthesia |
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Definition
| this emergin hypothesis proposes anesthesia work via GABAa receptor. introducting point mutation to modigy GABA a receptor gene can make the receptor unresponsive to anesthestics |
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Definition
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Definition
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| why are we interested in monoamines? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
NE Neurons in the CNS
Disclaimer |
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Definition
do not confuse CNS NE/E neurons with the sympathetic ganglia.
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Term
| How many major sources for NE neurons in the CNS? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Regulation of biosynthesis and release of NE |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Regulation of biosynethic pathway |
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Definition
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Term
| step 1 - 10 biosynthetic pathway |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| response wabes in time despite the continued presenc of a stimulus at constant intensity |
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Term
| heterologous densitization |
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Definition
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Term
| homologous desensitization |
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Definition
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Term
| down-regulation of receptor gene expression |
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Definition
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Term
| sequestering of receptor away from cell membrane into a poorly defined vesicle |
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Definition
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Term
receptor phsophorylation
( beta adrenergic receptors) |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 monoaminergic transmitters |
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Definition
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Term
| How may DA systems in the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
DA is a transmitter
(historical review) |
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Definition
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Term
| central DA systemvs NE System |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
3 DA systems
intermediate? |
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Definition
DA in the hypthalamus
DA as a PRL inhibitor
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Term
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Definition
| major neuroendocrine related cause of reproductive disturbance in both men and women. the treatment of hyperprolactinemia has greatly benefited from the generation of progressively more effective and selective dopaminergic drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| midbrain --> nigrostriatal projection, mesocrotical projection, mesolimbic projection |
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Term
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Definition
substanatia niagra (midbrain) --> neo(striatum) caudate + putamen
this is the pojection implicated in PD |
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Term
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Definition
midbrain --> cortex
SNc & VTA (midbrain DA neurons)-->limbic cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| mibrain Da neurons --> other limbic structures |
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Term
emotional reward system
(DA) system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Parkinsons Disease
Primarily a DA-deficiency state resulting from degeneration or injury to DA neurons
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Term
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Definition
| It has been used to treat the symptom of PD for over 30 years now. However, there is still a great deal of controversy over its place in treatment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| DA nerve terminal transporters |
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Definition
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Term
| DA nerve terminal receptors |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Da transporters - 2 types |
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Definition
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Term
DAT as brains principal
"cocaine receptor" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| scientists hope to develop a drug that can block the DA binding site yet preserve the reuptake site for DA |
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Term
| DA receptors (all 7 TMDs) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
5 have been cloned D1-D5
overlap in distribution
two groups D1/D5 & D2/D3/D4
the two groups operate through opposite pathways yet achieve synergistic effect |
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Definition
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Term
Serotonin as a neurotransmitter
synthesis |
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Definition
| tryptophan (plasma) active uptake--> tryptophan (neuron) tryptophan hydroxylase (rate limiting step) --> 5-OH trypto decarboxylase (same as the one in the NE pathway) --> 5-hdroxy tryptamine (5-HT) |
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Term
Seratonin as a neurotransmitter
Reuptake |
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Definition
transporter belongs to the DAT, NET family
12 TMD
NA+ economy
blocked by drugs such as Fluxetine (Prozax) |
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Term
| 5-HT & hallucinogenic drugs LSD |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| as an example to dscuss the problem in psychopharmacology |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what purpose does glutamate serve |
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Definition
| major excitatory transmitter in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
glutamate
establising as a transmitter |
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Definition
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Term
glutamate
distribution of glutamatergic neurons in the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
glutamate
biosynthesis of glutamate as a transmitter |
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Definition
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Term
glutamate receptor
ionotropic receptors |
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Definition
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Term
ionotropic receptors
the classification |
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Definition
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Term
ionotropic receptors
how do they operate |
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Definition
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Term
ionotropic receptors
the multiple binding site of NMDA receptors |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| metabotropic glutamate receptor |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| glutamate reverse transport mechanism |
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Definition
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Term
| glutamate apoptosis and necrosis |
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Definition
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Term
| retrograde messengers - parasynaptic transmission |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Peptidergic regulation of pair bonding |
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Definition
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