Term
|
Definition
| collection of neuron cell bodies found in peripheral nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collection of neuron cell bodies with a common function found in central nervous system |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 basic components of a homeostatic system? |
|
Definition
| receptor, control center or integration center, effector |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptor stimulation stimulates a response that changes the environment at the receptor. An effector negates the original stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an initial stiumuls produces a response that exagggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions |
|
|
Term
| how is the nervous system organized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the role of a neuron? |
|
Definition
| transfer impulses from place to place and process information |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of neuroglia? |
|
Definition
| maintain physical structure of nural tissue, repair neural tissue framework after injury, perform phagocytosis, provide nutrients to neurons, regulate the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding neurons. - most abundant |
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 types of neuroglial cells? |
|
Definition
1. Oligodendrocytes
2. ependymal cells
3. microglia
4. astrocytes
5. schwann cells
6. satellite cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form myelin in brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| line cavities of brain and spinal cord; secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phagocytize and destroy microorganisms, foreign matter, and dead nervous tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain the blood-brain barrier, provide structural support withing reural tissue, regulate ion, nutrient, and gas concentrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form a sheath around peripheral axons, from neurilemma around all PNS nerve fibers and myelin around most of them; aid in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surround somas of neurons in the ganglia, rovide electrical insulation and regulate environment of neurons. |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 physiological properties of neurons that allow them to communicate with other cells? |
|
Definition
1. excitability- polarized and able to reverse polarity
2. conductivity- ability for excitement (reversal of polarity) to move along the membrane
3. secretion- ability to secrete neurotransmitters into and across synapse. |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 functional classes of neurons and where are they found? |
|
Definition
1. sensory neurons- UNIPOLAR neurons whose cell bodies are located in the PNS. Some somatic sensory, some visceral sensory, send to CNS.
2. Interneurons- completely within CNS- from one cell to another (association)
3. motor neurons- conduct impulses from CNS to muscle or gland - PNS EFFERENT |
|
|
Term
| what is the most abundant functional neuron in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a typical multipolar neuron look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the myelin sheath? |
|
Definition
| the outer layer of the schwann cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bundles of neurofilaments that extend into the dentrites and axon, providing internal support-manufacture cytoskeleton parts and proteins |
|
|
Term
| what part of the neuron binds to neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
| cell bodies and dendrites |
|
|
Term
| what kind of cell produces myelin in the CNS? |
|
Definition
| oligodendrocytes- processes of oligodendrocytes wrap many different axons |
|
|
Term
| what kind of cell produces myelin in the PNS? |
|
Definition
| Schwann cells- cell envelopes axon, continues wrapping around |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 other main structural classes of neurons besides multipolar? |
|
Definition
anaxonic (no axons, only dendrites)
unipolar, bipolar. |
|
|
Term
| relate the 3 structural groupings to the 3 functional groupings: sensory, association, and motor. |
|
Definition
sensory- bipolar, unipolar (all of somatic sensory, most of visceral)
sensory, interneurons, motor- multipolar |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 classes of sensory receptors? |
|
Definition
exteroceptors- sense stimuli external to body
interoceptors- stimuli inside the body
proprioceptors- sense potision and movements of body or its parts. |
|
|
Term
| ID 5 classes of sensory receptors based on sensitivity |
|
Definition
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Nociceptors
Chemoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain receptors- sense tissue injury or situations that threaten to damage tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to chemicals- odors, tatstes, bodily fluid composition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to stimuli that distorts their plasma membranes caused by vibration, touch, pressure, stretch, or tension. Hearing, balance, skin, viscera, joints. |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 kinds of info transmitted by sensory receptors? |
|
Definition
1. modality- brain can ID basic type of info
2. location- whwere the info is coming from
3. intensity- determined by how many receptors are sending info and how fast messages are being received
4. duration- if messages keep coming from same receptros, stimuli is ongoing. |
|
|
Term
| what is meant by the term adaptation in regard to a receptor? |
|
Definition
| a reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus. (if no response to message receptor sends, the receptors will send messages more slowly) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comes from the skin and deep tissues- the brain can accurately assess the pain source. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comes from internal organs and/or blood vessels- brain is unable to determine precise location. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sensation of pain in a part of the body other than its actual source. visceral pain that the brain thinks is on the surface of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an axon whose receptor has been severed (amputation) can still fire messages to CNS if stimulated enough. |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 primary taste sensations? |
|
Definition
| Salty, sweet, bitter, sour, and umami (amino acids like aspartic and glutamic acids |
|
|
Term
| what cell structure is adapted both for sensing stimulation and for initiating and conducting the nerve impulse? |
|
Definition
| Cell membrane aka phospholipid bilayer |
|
|
Term
| what is membrane potential? |
|
Definition
| the actual measured difference in electrical charge between the outside and inside of a nerve cell membrane. |
|
|
Term
| what is resting potential, and what is the average value for a resting potential? |
|
Definition
| the membrane potential present in a nerve cell which is resting (not undergoing an action potential or nerve impulse) Average value is -70 Millivolts. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the distribution of the major ions inside and outside a resting nerve cell's membrane and explain what causes this particular distribution. |
|
Definition
more sodium (Na+) outside
-relatively few sodium channels in membrane
-sodium potassium pump pumps it out
more potassium inside
-when potassium leaks out, positive outer membrane repels it back in
-negatively charged proteins attract K
More chloride (Cl-) on outside
-no channel to allow it in
-sodium attracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something which changes the membrane potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small change in membrane potential produced by ions moving through ligand regulated or mechanically regulated gates on dendrites or cell body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one which is chemically regulated |
|
|
Term
| define the term threshold potential and state an average value for a threshold potential |
|
Definition
the point at which the local (graded) depolarization at the axon hillock is large enough to open voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels
-55 mv |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentration gradient across the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| created by the attraction between opposite charges, or the repulsion between like charges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical and electrical gradients combined = potential energy |
|
|
Term
| diagram typical action potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in which direction are positive ions diffusing during the resting phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which ions tend to diffuse into the cell? (resting) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which ions tend to diffuse out of the cell? (resting) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of ion chnnels are being used by any diffusion that hapens during this phase? (resting) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the change to threshold, is the inside of the membrane becoming more positive or more negative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in which direction must positive ions be diffusing FASTER than at rest? (change to threshold) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which ions must be diffusing faster than at rest? (change to threshold) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of ion channel must have opened to trigger this change? (change to threshold) |
|
Definition
| chemically-gated (sodium specific) |
|
|
Term
| when diffusion (simple) is the mechanism of movement, which factor is involved in actually making the ions move? (change to threshold) |
|
Definition
| the kinetic energy of the ions themselves. |
|
|
Term
| During action potential, is the inside of the memrane becoming more positive or more negative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in which direction must positive ions be diffusing faster than during change to threshold? (action potential) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which ion must be diffusing faster than during change to threshold? (action potential) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of ion channel must have opened to trigger this change? (action potential) |
|
Definition
| voltage-gated (sodium specific) |
|
|
Term
| during the repolarization phase, is the inside of the membrane becoming more positive or more negative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in which direction must positive ions be diffusing faster than at rest? (repolarization) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which ion must be diffusing faster than at rest? (repolarization) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of ion channel must have opened to trigger this change? (repolarization) |
|
Definition
| voltage-gated (potassium specific) |
|
|
Term
| which types of ion channels apparently return to a closed position either prior to or during this phase? (repolarization) |
|
Definition
| voltage-gated (sodium) and voltage-gated (potassium) |
|
|
Term
| Which type of ion channel apparently returns to a closed position to trigger after-hyperpolarization phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which types of ion channels open during this phase? (after-hyperpolarization) |
|
Definition
| non-gated, voltage-gated potassium |
|
|
Term
| the membrane continues to be (relatively) refractory during this phase. how is the membrane different than it was at rest? (after-hyperpolarization) |
|
Definition
| resting potential is not quite right, some sodium that was outside the cell prior to depolarization phase is now inside, some potassium that was inside the cell prior to repolarization is now outside. |
|
|
Term
| what mechanism that is functional during this phase is capable of returning sodium and/or potassium distribution patterns to a normal resting state? (after-hyperpolarization) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any stimulus which causes the nerve cell mambrane potential to become more positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any stimulus which causes the nerve cell membrane potential to become more negative |
|
|
Term
| when an excitatory stimulus is applied to a nerve cell membrane and an action potential results, does the initial action potential occur along the entire nerve cell membrane all at once or only at the site of stimulation? |
|
Definition
| only at the site of stimulation (axon hillocks)- then the action potential at that site triggers an action potential at an adjacent site and continues along the membrane. |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 features of neuron anatomy that influence the speed of a nerve impulse? |
|
Definition
presence of myelin- greatly speeds nerve impulse
diamerter of axon 0 the bigger the diameter, the faster. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excitatory stimulus that changes the membrane potential but not up to -55mv. (local potential only) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excitatory stimulus t0 -55mv (action potential) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excitatory stimulus above -55mv (Action potential) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmembrane portein tunnels connecting cytoplasm of one cell to cytoplasm of another. |
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of synaptic delay in terms of the speed of a given nerve circuit? |
|
Definition
| the more synapses, the slower the circuit. |
|
|
Term
| what is neural integration? |
|
Definition
the ability of neurons to process, store, and recall information and make decisions.
neural integration is based on the postsynaptic potentials produced by neurotransmitters received in chemical synaptic transmission. The more synapses is has, the greater its information processing abilities. |
|
|
Term
| How do chemical synapses be influenced? |
|
Definition
| there is a point when everything is outside of the cell. this allows control over our responses. |
|
|
Term
| which neurotransmitter is associated with the excitation of skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which neurotransmitter is associated with the excitation of cardiac muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which neurotransmitter is associated with the inhibition of cardiac muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the major excitatory transmitter in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain? |
|
Definition
| gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
|
|
Term
| what is a neurotransmitter associated with pain transmission? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 neurotransmitters that relieve or suppress pain |
|
Definition
| enkephalins, beta endorphins |
|
|
Term
| what is the major excitatory transmitter in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain? |
|
Definition
| gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
|
|
Term
| what is a neurotransmitter associated with pain transmission? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 neurotransmitters that relieve or suppress pain |
|
Definition
| enkephalins, beta endorphins |
|
|
Term
| what is a neuromodulator? |
|
Definition
| alters the rate of neurotransmitter release (exocytosis) changes postynaptpic cell's response to neurotransmitters. |
|
|
Term
| example of chemical neuromodulator |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of gaseous neuromodulator |
|
Definition
| nitric oxide, carbon monoxide (some organic) |
|
|
Term
| how can a neurotransmitter have both excitatory and an inhibitory effects in some circumstances? |
|
Definition
| the effects of the neurotransmitters are determined by the receptors receiving them. IF receptor causes positive ions to be let in, excitatory. IF receptor causes negative ions to be let in, inhibitory. |
|
|
Term
| If you were going from the outside of the head to the surface of the brain, which layers would you pass? |
|
Definition
| epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous, connective, muscle, connective, periosteum, compact, spongy, compact, periosteum, epidural space, dura, subdural space, arachnoid, subarachnoid, pia, cerebral cortex. |
|
|
Term
| Central spinal fluid- location, volue, formation and reabsorption, and functions |
|
Definition
| subarachnoid space, appr. 150mL at any moment, choroid plexuses produce and maintain CSF, at a rate of about 500mL a day. Entire volume of CCSF is replaced every 8 hrs. Surrounds exposed surfaces of CNS, acts as a showck absorber and as a diffuion medium for dissolved gases, nutrients, chemical messengers, and wastes. Also BUOYANCY and protection. |
|
|
Term
| how is cerebrospinal fluid sampled? |
|
Definition
| lumbar puncture, aka spinal tap needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region inferior to the tip of the conus medullaris. |
|
|
Term
| what is the conus medullaris? |
|
Definition
| tapered, conical portion of the spinal cord. Inferior to the lumbar enlargement. |
|
|
Term
| What do ependymal cells do? |
|
Definition
| line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord, secrete and circulate CSF. |
|
|
Term
| what is the brain barrier system? |
|
Definition
| a system which strictly regulates what substances can get from the bloodstream tinto the tissue fluid of the brain. |
|
|
Term
| what is the blood-brain barrier? |
|
Definition
| found at blood capillaries throughout the brain tissue. consists of tight junctions between the endothelial cells that from the capillary walls taht completely seal off gaps between them. |
|
|
Term
| what is the blood-CSF barrier? |
|
Definition
| at choroid plexuses, tight junctions between ependymal cells. |
|
|
Term
| how can the brain barrier system be a disadvantage? |
|
Definition
| can be an obstacle to the delivery of medicaations such as antibiotics and cancer drugs, which complicates the treatment of brain diseases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of myelinated axons. areas in which electrical messages are going somewhere. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia. messages are being received, integrated, and transferred on to other cells. |
|
|
Term
| where is gray matter found? |
|
Definition
| surface of the cerebrum and cerebellum. also, many nuclei, found deep within the brain tissue. places where messages are going from one nerve cell to another. |
|
|
Term
| what is the pattern of gray and white matter in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| reversed from the brain: -gray matter is most internal, butterfly shape. White matter surrounds the gray. |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 categories of white matter fibers? |
|
Definition
association tracts- conduct impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere
commissural tracts- corresponding place on one hemisphere to corresponding place on the other hemisphere.
projection fibers (tracts)- superior to inferior, vice versa- to and from diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| what is the general function of association areas of the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
| interpret incoming data and/or coordinate a motor response. |
|
|
Term
| what do the somatosensory asssociation areas monitor? |
|
Definition
| activity in the right and left primary sensory cortex. smell, sight, hearing all have their own areas. |
|
|
Term
| where is the primary somatosensory cortex? |
|
Definition
| in the post-central gyrus. |
|
|
Term
| where is the primary motor association area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the somatic motor association area responsible for? |
|
Definition
| coordinating learned movements. the motor association areas can direct which neurons in the primary motor cortex will fire. |
|
|
Term
| what are integrative centers? |
|
Definition
| areas of the cortex which receive information from many different association areas, direct complex motor activities, and perform analytical functions. integrative centers concerned with complex processes such as speech, writing, mathematical computation, or understanding spatial relationships tend to be restricted to either the right or left hemisphere. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuation of spinal cord, forms inferior part of the brain stem. |
|
|
Term
| what is contained in the medulla? |
|
Definition
ALL ascending (sensory) tracts and descending (motor) tracts that connect the spinal cord with the brain.
cardiovascular center which regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat and diameter of blood vessels
breathing center which adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing.
centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and hiccupping. |
|
|
Term
| where are the nuclei for cranial nerves 8-12 found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where can neurons which communicate with the cerebellum to ensure precise voluntary movements, maintain equilibrium, and posture be found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
means bridge- located superior to the medulla and anterior to the cerebellum
has white matter tracts which connect the spinal cord with the brain and parts of the brain with each other.
nuclei for cranial nerves 5-8
two additional centers that regulate breathing. |
|
|
Term
| describe the cerebral peduncles |
|
Definition
| primarily just conductin pathways for ascending information going to the thalamus, and descending information from the primary motor cortex. |
|
|
Term
| describe the corpora quadrigemina |
|
Definition
| largely gray matter, the 2 superior colliculi are reflex centers for movement of the eyes, head, and neck in response to mainly visual stimuli; the two inferior colliculi are reflex centers from movement of the head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli. |
|
|
Term
| describe the pineal gland |
|
Definition
| physiological role is not completely understood, is an endocrine gland which secretes melatonin; more melatonin is secreted during darkness and is thought to promote sleep and contribute to setting the bodies biological clock. also a role in reproductive function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains important reflex centers for muscle tone and equilibrium/balance.
voluntary muscle activity is initiated by the cerebrum, but coordinated in the cerebellum.
makes possible all skilled motor activity. |
|
|
Term
| describe the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| small but very important area of the brain, mainly composed of nuclei whose neurons control many body activityies and are major regulators of homeostasis. |
|
|
Term
| where is the autonomic nervous system controlled? |
|
Definition
| in the hypothalamus. regulates visceral activities such as urination, movement of food through the digestive tract, heart rate |
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain produces several hormones and numerous releasing factors for pituitary hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain plays a role in regulating expression of the more intense emotional responses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain regulates patterns of eating and drinking, temperature, and plays a role in circadian rhythms and states of consciousness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain acts as a synapse and relay center for the cerebrum, like a filter and doesn't send all sensory input to the cerebrum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain has a crude perception of painful, thermal, and pressure sensations? |
|
Definition
| thalamus. Precise localization would depend on impulses reaching the cerebral cortex, however. |
|
|
Term
| *what part of the brain relays motor information from the cerebellum and brain stem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain plays a role in certain emotions, arousal, cognition, awareness, learning, and memory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of the brain between the spinal cord and the diencephalon. it consists of three structurally and functionally connected regions: the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain. |
|
|
Term
| what is the reticular formation? |
|
Definition
| a net-like region of interspersed gray and white matter extending through the brain stem. |
|
|
Term
| what is the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
| contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus and extends from the brain stem to the cerebrum, surrounding the third ventricle. |
|
|
Term
| what is the reticular activating system? |
|
Definition
part of the reticular formation which send a continuous stream of impulses to the cerebral cortex, which keeps the cortex alert and conscious and enhances its excitability.
-all main ascending sensory tracts synaps with the RA, which keeps them active and enhances their arousing effect on the cerebrum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acts like a filter for the flood of sensory input, filtering out repetitive, familiar, or weak signals. |
|
|
Term
| what would happen if the RAS was severely injured? |
|
Definition
| permanent unconsciousness, or an irreversible coma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| higher brain functions, like interpretation of sensory input, initiating voluntary muscular movements, memory, and integrating information for reasoning. |
|
|
Term
| where are the primary motor areas of the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
| frontal lobes, anterior to the central sulcus and in its anterior wall |
|
|
Term
| where is Broca's area and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| anterior to the primary motor cortex, regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization needed for normal speech. |
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain contains all of the following: thalamus, hypothalamus, optic chiasma, infundibulum, posterior pituitary, mammillary bodies, and pineal gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the infundibulum? |
|
Definition
| attachment for the pituitary gland. |
|
|
Term
| what effects do changing activity levels in the reticular formation have? |
|
Definition
| decreased activity results in sleep, increased activity results in wakefulness. |
|
|
Term
| what type of information is being processed in Wernicke's area? |
|
Definition
| receives information from all sensory association areas, integrates sensory information and coordinates access to complex visual and auditory memories. |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the left hemisphere? |
|
Definition
| important for reasoning, math, and science skills, spoken, written, and sign language; processes that require linear thinking. |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the right hemisphere? |
|
Definition
| musical and artistic awareness, spatial and pattern perception, recognition of faces, discriminating smells, and the emotional content of language; processes that require what is called serial thinking. |
|
|
Term
| what is the falx cerebrei? |
|
Definition
| the double layer of meninges in the medial longitudinal fissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double layer of meninges in the transverse fissure. |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 major regions of the brainstem? |
|
Definition
| medulla oblongata, pons varolii, cerebrellum |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 major regions of the midbrain? |
|
Definition
| corporal quadrigemina, cerebral peduncles |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 major regions of the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
| thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland |
|
|
Term
| what brain region is the pituitary gland attached to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name of the small cavity around the intermediate mass of the thalamus which contains CSF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name of the small cavity between the cerebellum and the medulla which contains CSF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name of the vacities on either side of the septum pellucidum which contains CSF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the membrane which links the fornix and the corpus callosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the band of tissue below the corpus callosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the involuntary brain center that plays a critical role in coordination of skeletal muscle activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brain center that is primary location of such characteristics as reason, willpower, memory, emotions, and motivation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brain region that includes nonvital centers for actions such as vomiting, sneezing, coughing, and swallowing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary motor area of cerebrum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| involuntary brain center that includes control centers for sleep, hunger, satiation, and a vareity of intense emotional responses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brain region that includes vital centers for involuntary control of heart function, respiratory function, and vasomotor activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brain center that regulates body temperature via control of vasomotor activity, sweating and shivering |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brain center that functions as the master gland of the endocrine system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary visual area of cerebrum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brain center that acts as a primary organizational control center for all information entering the cerebrum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brain center that includes involuntary centers critical to maintenance of muscle tone, equilibrium and posture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| speech is centered in this lobe of the cerebrum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary general sensory area of cerebrum |
|
Definition
| primary somatosensory cortex, post central gyrus, parietal lobe |
|
|
Term
| only part of the brain the average person has learned conscious control of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the importance of the fact taht the surface of the cerebral hemispheres is highly convoluted? |
|
Definition
| the gyri and sulci increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex to allow more complex interaction between neurons. |
|
|
Term
| what is the importance of the corpus callosum? |
|
Definition
| it is the primary nerve pathway connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres, allowing for communication |
|
|
Term
| what is the importance of the ventricles of the brain? |
|
Definition
| production and circulation of CSF, helps prevent brain from rolling- keep in an upright position |
|
|
Term
| what functions are taking place in the gray matter of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| integration of sensory and motor functions- neurons communicating via synapses |
|
|
Term
| what functions are taking place in the white matter of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| electricity/nerve impulses are going somewhere. Like a highway |
|
|
Term
| what functions are taking place at the spinal nerve? |
|
Definition
| contains the axons of sensory (toward CNS) and motor (away from CNS) neurons; nerve impulses. |
|
|
Term
| what functions are taking place in the anterior ventral root? |
|
Definition
| contains axons of soamtic motor and visceral motor neurons, carrying away from CNS |
|
|
Term
| what functions are taking place in the posterior dorsal root? |
|
Definition
| carrying sensory info to the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what functions are taking place at the posterior dorsal root ganglion? |
|
Definition
| contains cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons whose axons carry info to the spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| after the spinal nerve enters the intervertabral foramen, it splits into ___________ and ____________ |
|
Definition
| anterior and posterior ventral roots. |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 characteristics of a nerve circuit that would make it qualify as a reflex? |
|
Definition
1. requires stimulation
2. quick
3. involuntary
4. stereotyped |
|
|
Term
| how does a simple stretch reflex like the knee-jerk reflex differ from the typical disynaptic flexor? |
|
Definition
| only the sensory neuron and motor neuron are involved. |
|
|
Term
| how would a sensory neiuron initiate a nerve pathway to the brain that would result in sensory awareness? |
|
Definition
| axon collateral: sensory neuron will have an axon collateral which ascends the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex. |
|
|
Term
| how many neurons does it typically take for a nerve impulse to travel from a receptor to the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
| 3: sensory from receptor to spinal cord, interneuron to thalamus, interneuron to primary somatosensory cortex (post-central gyri) |
|
|
Term
| contrast the term neuron with the term nerve |
|
Definition
| a neuron is a single cells and is found in both PNS and SNS; a nerve is composed of multiple neurons' axons, and is covered by 3 layers, contain blood vessels, and in PNS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are spinal nerves sensory, motor, or mixed in terms of their function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 categories of spinal nerves, and how many of each type? |
|
Definition
1. cervical 8 pairs
2. thoracic 12 pairs
3. lumbar 5 pairs
4. sacral 5 pairs
5. coccygeal 1 pair
31 total pairs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a branching network of intersecting and intermingling spinal nerves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. cervical plexus- from cervical vert
2. brachial plexus- head down arm
3. lumbar plexus- from lumbar vert
4. sacral plexus- from sacral vert
5. coccygeal plexus- from coccygeal vert |
|
|
Term
| where does the phrenic nerve originate and where do its nerve fibers go? |
|
Definition
| cervical plexus, to diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| where does the sciatic nerve originate, and where do its motor fibers go? |
|
Definition
| sacral plexus, many muscles of the leg |
|
|
Term
| what is a dermatome, as it relates to spinal nerves? |
|
Definition
| the spcific bilateral region of the skin surface monitored by a single pair of spinal nerves. |
|
|
Term
| how many cranial nerves are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the 12 cranial nerves?
(On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny--Very Good Vehicle Any How.)
for each, state primarily sensory, motor, or mixed, and its general function
(Some Say Marry Money, But My Brothers Say Bad Business, Marry Money.) |
|
Definition
I. olfactory- sensory-smell
II. optic-sensory-vision
III. oculomotor-motor-eye & eyelid muscles
IV. trochlear-motor-eye & eyelid muscles
V. trigeminal-mixed- sensory to mouth and front of face, motor- muscles for chewing
VI. abducens-motor-eye movements
VII. facial-mixed-sensory mostly taste motor- tear and saliva secretion, facial expression
VIII.vestibulocochlear- sensory-hearing, balance
IX. glossopharyngeal-mixed-sensory taste, motor saliva secretion
X. vagus-mixed-sensory info from all organs in viscera motor-for all organs in viscera
XI. accessory-motor-swallowing, movement of food
XII. hypoglossal- mostly motor, tongue |
|
|
Term
| what overall effect does the Parasympathetic Nervous system have on the body? |
|
Definition
| SLUDD-salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation. Feed & Breed or rest & digest. |
|
|
Term
| what overall effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the body? |
|
Definition
| prepares the body for heightened levels of somatic activity- fight or flight. |
|
|
Term
| what is dual innervation? |
|
Definition
| receiveing nerve fibers from both SNS and PSNS. |
|
|
Term
| where do sympathetic nervous system pathways leave the CNS? |
|
Definition
| thoracolumbar- from LATERAL GRAY HORN of spinal cord in T1-T12, L1&L2 region |
|
|
Term
| where do parasympathetic nerve pathways leave the CNS? |
|
Definition
| the nuclei of 4 pairs of cranial nerves found in brainstem- Occulomotor(III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal(IX), and vagus(X) |
|
|
Term
| where are any synapses found in PSNS? |
|
Definition
| GANGLIA! close to effectors. |
|
|
Term
| where are any synapses found in SNS? |
|
Definition
| GANGLIA!! prevertebral and paravertebral |
|
|
Term
| what is the sympathetic trunk? |
|
Definition
| chains of sympathetic ganglia which run adjacent to the spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| what is the central control of autonomic function? |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus- can be influenced by many other parts of the brain, but the hypo decides whether PNS or SNS response required. |
|
|
Term
| compare autonomic motor pathways and somatic motor pathways |
|
Definition
Somatic- go to skeletal via one neuron between CNS and effector cell
Autonomic- go to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands via 2 neurons and one ganglion. |
|
|
Term
| what is the solar plexus? |
|
Definition
| the major sympathetic precertebral ganglia. |
|
|
Term
| an example of cooperative sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
Definition
| Iris of eye; 2 layers of smooth muscle: circular smooth muscle controlled by parasympathetic contract to make pupil smaller--radial smooth muscled controlled by sympathetic dilates pupil when contracted. |
|
|
Term
| places in the body which only have sympathetic nervous stimulation |
|
Definition
adrenal medulla-epinephrine
piloerector muscle and sweat glands
kidney
most blood vessels
--SNS is always sending certain level of signals to smooth muscle in blood vessels. To constrict, increase signal rate. to dilate, decrease signal rate. |
|
|
Term
| what are cholinergic neurons? |
|
Definition
those which release acetylcholine
ALL pre-ganglionic
ALL parasympathetic postgangionic
A few sympathetic postganglionic neurons (to sweat glands, hair follicle muscles, adipose tissue, and some blood vessels.) |
|
|
Term
| what are adrenergic neurons? |
|
Definition
those which release norepinephrine
-MOST sympathetic postganglionic neurons. |
|
|
Term
| the next cell down the line from a cholinergic neuron will have _________ receptors in its cell membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors |
|
Definition
Nicotinic (alpha)- ALL postganglions- ALWAYS excitatory.
Muscarinic (beta- could be excitatory or inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| what does an alpha receptor do? |
|
Definition
| ALMOST always leade to excitation of the effector. |
|
|
Term
| what does a beta receptor do? |
|
Definition
| either excitation or inhibition of the effector. |
|
|
