Term
|
Definition
| Mitosis is the division of the nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Some cells can be _____-nuclear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ _________ and mitosis usually are coordinated, but not always |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes are the DNA, wrapped in special proteins. |
|
|
Term
| When Observing cells in a microscope there is a long ____ period. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When observing cells in a microscope the long quiet period is followed by what? |
|
Definition
| A short period when chromosomes are visible and divided between two cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during the quiet period, interphase |
|
|
Term
| When do cells grow in size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In pulse labeling experiments what is added to cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the radioactive thymidine allowed to sit w/ cells in pulse labeling experiments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In pulse labeling experiments when would radioctive T be incorperated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are pulse labeled cells viewed? |
|
Definition
| Put on film, look for radioactivity |
|
|
Term
Pulse labeling experiments:
_____ ______ not labeled in nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pulse labeling experiments:
Some _______ cells are labeled (most are not) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulse labeling experiments analysis shows what? |
|
Definition
| How long each phase of the cell cycle lasts |
|
|
Term
| How does pulse labeling allow one to see how long each cell cycle phase lasts? |
|
Definition
| One can track radioactive T |
|
|
Term
Pulse labeling experiments:
How long does M phase mitosis last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pulse labeling experiments:
How long does G1 phase Gap 1 last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pulse labeling experiments:
How long does S phase Synthesis last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pulse labeling experiments:
How long does G2 phase Gap 2 last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many cells stop after __ phase, often called the __ ____ phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitosis, division of the nucleus starts as...? |
|
Definition
| chromosomes condense, become visible in light microscope. |
|
|
Term
Because each chromosome is replicated it has two _________ ______.
These are ______, sometimes visible, often not visible. |
|
Definition
| identical halves, chromatids |
|
|
Term
| See constriction at one point, different arrangement of ___ and _____. Called the _______ (Special DNA sequences) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If it has a ___________ it is a chromosome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Phases of Mitosis
Prophase |
|
Definition
| Chromosomes condense, Nuclear Envelope breaks down (probably into little vesicles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chromosomes line up in middle
at the metaphase plate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromatids separate, thus the number of chromosomes doubles. Chromosomes move to opposite poles. Have two identical sets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nuclear envelope reforms, get 2 nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Partitioning of chromosomes depends on a special apparatus made mostly of __________ and __________ _______. |
|
Definition
| microtubules, Microtubule motors |
|
|
Term
| "spindle" is an _________ of _________ |
|
Definition
| Arrangement, Microtubules |
|
|
Term
Role of the spindle:
________ is the organizing structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Composition and structure of centrosome? |
|
Definition
| Composition and structure is still unclear, made of special proteins |
|
|
Term
In animal cells , the ______ are in the center of the
centrosome, made of __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ originate from centrosome, but don't obviously ______ to anything we can see. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___________ Move to each pole, _____ form, overlap from ______ to pole
and from pole to _________ |
|
Definition
| Centrosomes, Microtubules, Pole, Chromosome |
|
|
Term
| MTs attach to the _________, a special protein structure located at the centromere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each chromosome has a kinetochore for each ________. Thus one side of a _______ is attached to one pole and the other side to the other pole. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MT thus move the chromosomes to the __________ _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anaphase movement caused by
1.?
2. ? |
|
Definition
1.MTs push the poles apart.
2. The kinetochore pulls the chromosome along the MT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Division of the whole cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Different mechanisms than mitosis |
|
|
Term
| In animals cytokinesis, appears to involve primarily ______ and _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Actin forms a ____ around the area to be divided, attached to the ______ ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in cytokinesis Myosin causes the ring (of actin) to _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The new cell is _________ _____ like a balloon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In plant cells the thin wall cannot be __________ ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In plant cells the thin wall cannot be squeezed together ______ deliver ____ and ________ material to the region were
a new wall is to form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cell cycle is highly _______, specific proteins _______ each step. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cell fusion experiments:
M phase + any other phase=? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| splicing together M phase cells with other phase cells suggests what? |
|
Definition
| Suggests a factor can trigger beginning of chromosome condensation and perhaps mitosis. |
|
|
Term
| S phase cells + G1 phase =? |
|
Definition
| G1 cells start DNA replication |
|
|
Term
| S phase cells + G2 phase=? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does S-phase cell splicing suggest? |
|
Definition
| Suggests factor that triggers S phase |
|
|
Term
| Cytoplasm from M-phase cells con be injected into large cells (oocytes) what does this trigger? |
|
Definition
| This triggers M-Phase (hypothetical MPF, M-phase promoting factor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cyclin and a specific kinase are the MPF |
|
|
Term
| Why is cyclin called cyclin? |
|
Definition
| called cyclin because it cycles, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disappears when M is
complete, rises until activity get high enough to trigger mitosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binds an enzyme, a kinase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kinases are enzymes that use ATP to phosphorylate other molecules, including other specific proteins. |
|
|
Term
| What does phosphorylation do? |
|
Definition
| Phosphorylation often acts as an ON or OFF switch for enzymes. |
|
|
Term
| When is the kinase in MFP active? |
|
Definition
| Active only when it is bound to cyclin |
|
|
Term
| When is MFP kinase present in the cell? |
|
Definition
| The kinase in MPF is always present |
|
|
Term
| What is the MFP kinase named? |
|
Definition
| named cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rise in cyclin --> binds & activate cdk --> ? |
|
Definition
| phosphorylate and activate proteins needed for mitosis |
|
|
Term
| Rise in cyclin --> binds & activate cdk --> phosphorylate and activate proteins needed for mitosis --> ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cell cycle Coordination achieved by using what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells has mechanism (not understood) to determine if all _________ are aligned on the ______ ________ during mitosis. |
|
Definition
| chromosomes, metaphase plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Determine if conditions are right for replicating DNA. (sufficient nutrients? Cell right size?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are chromosomes fully replicated? Cell right size? |
|
|
Term
| _______ have been identified that lack these checkpoints |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cancer is caused by _____ __ _______ of the cell cycle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uncontrolled cell division can produce ? |
|
Definition
| benign and malignant tumors. |
|
|
Term
| Cells that keep dividing, but stay in one place=? |
|
Definition
| benign tumors, can get very large |
|
|
Term
| Serious problem occurs if cells _____________, move to other parts of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most cells stop in ___ or have limited _____ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example ______ _____ in blood, in the serum, can trigger division |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some cells will only grow in culture if ________ is present. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that have a normal function of keeping cell division turned 0ff |
|
|
Term
| How was retinoblastoma protein discovered? |
|
Definition
| by investigating an inherited cancer of children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unbound E2F stimulates _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If Rb is defective, E2F is always ON, = ? |
|
Definition
| uncontrolled cell division |
|
|
Term
| Rb is an example of a ________ _________ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell cycle and Cancer illustrates the use of _________ ________ __________ |
|
Definition
| Signal transduction pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Growth factors -> synthesis of cyclin --> ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Growth factors -> synthesis of cyclin --> activate cdk --> ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Growth factors -> synthesis of cyclin --> activate cdk --> phosphorylate Rb
--> ? |
|
Definition
| releases and activates E2F |
|
|
Term
| rowth factors -> synthesis of cyclin --> activate cdk --> phosphorylate Rb --> releases and activates E2F --> ? |
|
Definition
| activates DNA replication |
|
|
Term
| Cancer can be caused by..... (3 things) |
|
Definition
Excessive growth factors
Turning on cyclin at wrong time
Defects in tumor suppressors |
|
|
Term
| Backup protections exist for most signals, thus ....? |
|
Definition
| multiple gene control defects must occur before a tumor will develop. |
|
|
Term
| Metastasis requires that cells survive ...? |
|
Definition
| outside of their normal environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many protective systems have to fail. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Need to make haploid gametes. |
|
|
Term
| Are humans haploid or diploid? |
|
Definition
| Humans are diploid = two sets = 2N |
|
|
Term
| What kind of ploidy can plants have? |
|
Definition
Some plants are polyploid -triploid, tetraploid, hexaploid
3,4, 6 set, 3N, 4N, 6N. |
|
|
Term
| Two chromosomes with the same set of genes are..? |
|
Definition
| "homologs" "homologous chromosomes" |
|
|
Term
| Meiosis - two major functions |
|
Definition
Reduces chromosome number
Allows for recombination (new combinations) of genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First one has special features
Second division like mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chromosomes condense, form pairs,
recombination occurs.
Then chromatids do not split, instead, homologs separate and Migrate to poles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chromosomes move again to middle of cell
Sister chromatids separate move to the poles, form new nuclei |
|
|
Term
Because there are two successive divisions (in meiosis) with no duplication of the
chromosomes |
|
Definition
| diploid nucleus --> haploid |
|
|
Term
| Two chromosome, each with two chromatids, form a ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of formation (of a tetrad) is called ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can see formation of _______, places where crossing over occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meiosis produces enormous ________ in genetic inheritance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A description of an organism's set of chromosomes is called a..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humans have ___ different kinds(of chromosomes), including _ and _ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Missing or extra chromosomes cause major problems such as..? |
|
Definition
| Down syndrome, trisomy 21 |
|
|
Term
| Down syndrome, trisomy 21 Caused by ? |
|
Definition
| both pairs of a chromosome moving to the same pole - called nondisjunction (failure to separate) |
|
|
Term
Life cycles, diploid vs haploid stages:
Humans, most animals and plants, are almost always ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meiosis occurs in specialized cells that give rise to ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some plants, e.g. ferns, have both haploid and diploid forms .....? |
|
Definition
| "alternation of generations" |
|
|
Term
| Many microorganisms are ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most fungi almost always ________, when gametes fuse, immdiately go into ________, produce _______ spores |
|
Definition
| haploid, meiosis, haploid |
|
|
Term
| Heredity - two previous ideas |
|
Definition
Blending inheritance, e.g. blood lines, essences
Inheritance of acquired characteristics. |
|
|
Term
Gregor Mendel
Genetic Experiments with..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pea charicteristics did mendel study? |
|
Definition
Seed shape, seed color, pod shape and color, flower color, height, flower
Position on stem |
|
|
Term
Experiment #1 cross yellow seed with green seed
result? |
|
Definition
| Result: 100% yellow (F1, first filial generation, sons and daughters) |
|
|
Term
Experiment #1 cross yellow seed with green seed
Crossed F1 to F1 |
|
Definition
| Got mix of yellow and green (F2 2nd filial generation) a 3:1 ratio |
|
|
Term
| Mendels interpretation of his results.? |
|
Definition
1. Traits are carried as individual factors (we know them as genes)
2. For a given trait the factors can exist in alternative forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A discrete unit of genetic info... consisting of specific nucleotide sequence on DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed heterozygote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the genetic makeup or set of alleles of an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having two alleles for a given gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having two identical alleles for a given gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located |
|
|
Term
| use of symbols e.g. Y and y |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mendel's Principle of Segregation..? |
|
Definition
| two alleles for a given trait seperate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes |
|
|
Term
| genetics predicts __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two factor crosses
you get a _________ ratio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Principle of Independent Assortment |
|
Definition
| each pair of alleles segregates independantly of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation |
|
|
Term
| Genes on the same chromosome only separate if.......? |
|
Definition
parts of the chromosome are
exchanged during crossing over in meiosis. |
|
|
Term
| Measure percentage of recombination, 1% = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genes far apart on chromosomes behave as though they are ....? |
|
Definition
unlinked
Observe recombination 50% of the time. |
|
|
Term
| Linkage experiments allow us to map ....? |
|
Definition
the location of genes
Construction of linkage maps |
|
|
Term
sex chromosomes -
Some insects, Drosophila, See a pair of _____ ____________ in the females,
one of these appears in the eggs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sex chromosomes -
Some insects, Drosophila, see a _____ and a ______ __________ in the males, distributed 50:50 in the
sperm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sex chromosomes in drosophila called..? |
|
Definition
| Called X and Y, Same situation in humans |
|
|
Term
| The y chromosome has _____ _____ ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
