Term
| what is the generalized equation for photosynthesis? |
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Definition
6CO2 + 6H2O + light E = C6H12O6 + O2 |
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Term
| What is the disaccharide used for carb. transport in plants? what are the 2 sugars? |
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Definition
| sucrose = glucose + fructose |
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Term
| what vessels transport water in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the driving force for water movement? what causes it? |
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Definition
evapotranspiration
evaporation of H2O through stomates |
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Term
| what is attraction between like molecules called? |
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Definition
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Term
| which vessel is under tension? which under pressure? |
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Definition
xylem - tension
phloem - pressure |
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Term
| name two carotenoids and colors associated with each |
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Definition
carotenes - yellow, orange, red
xanthophyll - pale yellow |
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Term
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Definition
| use of living organisms to test for (detect and/or quantify) the presence/amount of a chemical |
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Term
| what did Engleman's experiment with a prism and Spirogyra determine? |
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Definition
| absorption peaks of chlorphylls coincide with action spectrum of photosynthesis. showed that chlorphyll plays a role in photosynthesis. |
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Term
| what happens when isolated chlorphyll absorbs light? what happens to light absorbed by chlorophyll in membranes? |
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Definition
it fluoresces - gives off heat and red light
Energy trapped in chemical bonds |
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Term
| what are the two reactions of photosynthesis? where do they take place? |
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Definition
1. Light reactions/light dependent reactions - thylakoid membrane
2. Calvin cycle/light independent reactions - stroma |
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Term
| what are the products of the light dependent reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does NADPH stand for? |
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Definition
| nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
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Term
what are the inputs of the calvin cycle?
what is the product?
what is the substrate? |
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Definition
1. Energy from the light dep. rxtns. (ATP, NADPH) and Carbon from CO2
2. product = glucose
3. substrate = ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) |
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Term
| what are stacks of thylakoids called? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the absorption peak for photosystem 1? photosystem II? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many turns of the calvin cycle does it take to get one glucose molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| what fills the electron 'hole' in photosystem I? photosystem II? |
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Definition
ps1 electrons come from ps2
ps2 electrons come from oxygen evolving complex |
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Term
| what is photolysis? what are the products of the Oxygen evolving complex? |
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Definition
1. splitting of H2O in presence of light
2. O2, H+, electrons |
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Term
| what is the differece between noncyclic and cyclic photorespiration? what is the differene in products? |
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Definition
1. noncyclic - electrons travel from OEC to ps2 to Redox rxtns. to ps1 and become NADPH
O2, ATP, NADPH produced
2. cyclic - electrons travel from ps1 to Redox rxtns. and back to ps1.
products - ATP |
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Term
| what are the two sources of H+ inside thylakoid? |
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Definition
1. H+ pulled across by Redox transport
2. H+ produced from oxygen evolution |
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Term
| where do hydrogen ions pass from inside of thylakoid to outside? what product is formed and what is the process called? |
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Definition
ATP synthase (Coupling factor)
ATP formed for every 2 H+
Chemiosmosis |
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Term
| what 3 carbon molecule is formed when RuBP combines with CO2 in the Calvin cycle? what 3C molecule is sent to glycolysis? |
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Definition
1. phosphoglyceric acid
2. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate |
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Term
| what are the three possible substrates of Rubisco? |
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Definition
| Ribulose BiPhosphate (RuBP), oxygen, CO2 |
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Term
| what two types of respiration do plants perform? which one occurs only in the light and requires oxygen? |
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Definition
| photorespiration (light only, O2) and aerobic respiration (day and night) |
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Term
| what enzyme is partially coded by both chloroplast and nuclear dna? what activates this enzyme? |
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Definition
| Rubisco, activated by light |
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Term
| what type of respiration results in CO2 formation? |
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Definition
| BOTH aerobic resp. and photoresp. |
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Term
| what are the disadvantages of photorespiration? |
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Definition
1. no ATP production
2. Rubisco is occupied, less for carbon fixation (CO2) |
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Term
| what is the percentage of oxygen in the air? what is the percetage CO2? |
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Definition
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Term
| explain the additional pathway available to C4 plants for fixing CO2? what enzyme responsible? |
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Definition
PEP(3C) + CO2 = oxaloacetic acid (4C)
enzyme - PEP carboxylase |
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Term
| what is typical C4 plant environment? what are some common C4 plants? |
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Definition
1. tropical/subtropical
2. corn, sorgum, sugar cane, crabgrass, pigweed |
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Term
| what are the four characteristics of Kranz anatomy in C4 plants? |
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Definition
1. enlarged bundle sheath cells
2. stomates on top and bottom of leaves
3. uniform mesophyll - no distinction between palisades and spongy mesophyll |
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Term
| where is each carbon fixing enzyme found in C4 plants? |
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Definition
Rubisco in bundle sheath cells
PEP carboxylase in mesophyll |
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Term
| explain the path of CO2 to get to calvin cycle in C4 cells? |
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Definition
1. atmospheric CO2 trapped by PEP carboxylase
2. PEP(3C) converted to oxaloacetic acid(4C)
3. OAA converted to malic acid(4C)
4. Malic acid coverted to pyruvic acid(3C) + CO2 5. Rubisco traps CO2, enters Calvin cycle |
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Term
| What is the main advantage of the Kranz anatomy? |
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Definition
| By being sequestered in bundle sheath cells, Rubisco is not exposed to O2 so isn't wasted on photorespiration. Gets pure CO2 from malic acid-pyruvic acid conversion |
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Term
| where does calvin cylce occur in C4 plants? where do the light dependent reactions take place? |
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Definition
1. Calvin cycle - chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells
2. Light dep.rxtns. - chloroplasts of mesophyll |
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Term
| where would you find starch in C3 plants? C4? why? |
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Definition
C3 - mesophyll
C4 - bundle sheath
why?- starch associated with calvin cycle |
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Term
| what is the major disadvantage of C4 pathway? |
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Definition
| requires extra energy input |
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Term
| what adaptation allows C4 plants to do well in hot climates? |
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Definition
| able to partially close stomates, allowing H2O conservation but still allowing CO2 input. |
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Term
| what does CAM stand for? what common families use this pathway? |
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Definition
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
Crassulaceae (jade, mother of thousands)
Cactaceae (cacti)
Bromeliacieae (bromeliads, pineapple) |
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Term
| what is the CAM strategy? |
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Definition
Stomates open at night.
CO2 fixed at night by PEP carboxylase
CO2 stored as malic acid(4C) in vacuoles
CO2 released to Rubisco during the day
Because stomates closed during the day, Rubisco not exposed to O2 (no photorespiration) |
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Term
| which hormone affects tropisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of hormone is indoleacetic acid? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| apical meristems and young, developing leaves |
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Term
| which hormone inhibits lateral bud growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| which hormone inhibits root growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| which hormone promotes root initiation? |
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Definition
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Term
| what two hormones involved in 2,4 D and 2,4,5 T herbicides? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what hormone triggers fruit development and flowering? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what hormone inhibits fruit and leaf abscission? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which hormone will cause root initiation in tissue culture? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which hormone causes shoot initiation in tissue culture? |
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Definition
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Term
| what hormone exhibits polar transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| what hormone will break dormancy of seeds and buds? |
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Definition
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Term
| which hormone promotes fruit formation and development but with parthenocarpic fruits? |
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Definition
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Term
| what hormones promote cell division? |
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Definition
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Term
| what hormone produced in roots? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what hormone promotes growth of lateral buds? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what hormone promotes leaf abscission? |
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Definition
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Term
| what hormone can both promote and inhibit flowering depending on species? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what hormone promotes leaf and flower aging? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what hormone causes epinasty? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what hormone causes root and stem thickening? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what hormone causes buds to become dormant? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what hormone causes stomates to close? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormone promotes the growht of bud scales? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what hormone sometimes called dormin? |
|
Definition
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