Term
| What does “cholesterol-free” actually mean? |
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Definition
| Means that food must contain less than 3 mg of cholesterol and 2g or less of saturated fat per serving |
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Term
| List three structures in seeds in which vegetable oil can be stored, and provide one example of a plant species for each type of storage structure. |
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Definition
• Endosperm -Coconut
• Cotyledons- Cotton
• Scutellum- Corn |
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Term
| List two plant species in which oil is stored in the fruit pulp. |
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Definition
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Term
| In what way does the function of oil in seeds differ from the function of oil in the fruit pulp? |
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Definition
• Fruit pulps contain large amounts of oil
• The pulp isn’t used by the embryo for nutrition but by the animals that disperse the fruit |
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Term
| What are acylglycerides? What are four synonyms for acylglycerides? |
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Definition
• They are esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids
• Fatty oils, neutral oils, fixed oils, or nonvolatile oils |
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Term
| List three general properties of acylglycerides. |
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Definition
• Greasy
• Nonreactive chemically
• Don’t diffuse readily into air |
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Term
| List three ways in which fatty acids can differ from each other. |
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Definition
• Number of carbon atoms (length of the chain)
• Position of carbon atoms relative to each other (straight chain or branched)
• Number of double bonds between carbon atoms (degree of saturation) |
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Term
which type of vegetable oil in each of the following categories has the highest oil content?
-Polyunsaturated (drying)
-Unsaturated (semidrying)
-Moderately saturated (nondrying)
-Vegetable fats |
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Definition
-Linseed
-Sesame
-Peanut/Castor
-Coconut |
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Term
How was soap made in the past?
What gives it its cleaning properties? |
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Definition
• Involved boiling animal fat and ashes together
• When combined with water the ashes formed an alkali that helped cleave the fatty acids from the triglycerides of the lard
• COO- groups of fatty acids have an affinity for water and the remaining parts are attracted to grease or dirt |
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Term
| Describe how oil paint is manufactured |
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Definition
Boiling oils with compounds contianing heavy metals such as Mg, Co, and Pb
They help oils aborb oxygens resulting in hard films |
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Term
| Describe how varnish is manufactured |
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Definition
| Made by mixing boiled oils with resins or gums |
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Term
| Describe how enamels are manufactured |
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Definition
| Made by mixing pigments with varnishes |
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Term
| Describe how latex paint is manufactured |
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Definition
| Made from alkyd resins, polymers manufactured from fatty acids cleaved from vegetable oils |
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Term
| Where does linoleum come from |
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Definition
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Term
| What is linseed oil used for historically and at present? |
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Definition
• Produce water repellent glazes since classical Egyptian times when coffins were coated with a mixture of linseed oil and resin
• Incorporated into paints or used alone to protect natural wood surfaces such as shingles, decking, and fences |
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Term
| What are three uses of safflower oil? |
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Definition
| • Paint, Varnish, Alkyd resin production |
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Term
| How are soybeans processed to obtain the oil? |
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Definition
• Pressing (historically)
• Solvent extracted for oil |
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Term
| Which part of the corn kernel contains the oil which is extracted? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the first American vegetable shortening called that was made from cottonseed oil? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two characteristics of peanut oil make it valuable as a cooking oil? |
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Definition
| • It doesnt smoke when heated to a high temperature and doesnt retain any odors |
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Term
| When and where were olives first cultivated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was olive oil used for historically? |
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Definition
| • Cleanser to anoint bodies, and as a lamp oil, medicine, foodstuff, adn religious accouterment |
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Term
| How many olives are required to make 1 liter of olive oil? |
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Definition
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Term
| When and where was castor oil first used, and what were its historical uses? |
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Definition
• Fed to children as a laxative
• Domestication- Africa and southern Asia and oldest record from Egypt
• Ancient uses of the oil seem to have been as a lamp oil in medicines and for religious ceremonies |
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Term
| What poisonous compounds are found in the seeds, hulls and unrefined oil of castor oil? Briefly describe each. |
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Definition
• Ricinine- mildly toxic alkaloid
• Ricin- highly poisonous protein that leads to hemorrhaging
• RCA( Ricinus communis agglutinin- agglutinates red blood cells
• CBA- a protein polysaccharcide mixture that causes violent allergic reactions in people sensitive to it |
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Term
| What is hydrogenated castor oil used for? |
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Definition
| • Used as a new alternative plasticizer in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products |
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Term
| What are the two primary uses of palm oils? |
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Definition
| • Global food and cosmetic markets |
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Term
| What are two “medicinal” uses of coconut oil? |
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Definition
• Commonly used as a liquid carrier for vitamins, hormones, adn antibiotics
• To coat particles in delayed action pills |
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Term
| What is the function of waxes in plants? |
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Definition
| • Prevent drying or injury |
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Term
| What characteristic of jojoba has led to its use in cosmetics? |
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Definition
| • Effective in penetrating the outer layers of human skin |
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Term
| How is Copernicia cerifera processed to obtain wax, and what is the type of wax produced? |
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Definition
Wax obtained from collecting new or immature leaves of wild plants, they are dried and then the wax is beaten off
Carnauba wax |
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Term
| How is Euphorbia antisyphilitica processed to obtain wax, and what is the type of wax produced? |
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Definition
Stems gathered and boiled in water
Wax floats to the top
Candelilla wax |
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Term
| How is Myrica pensylvanica processed to obtain wax, and what is the type of wax produced? |
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Definition
Bayberry
Boiled berries to melt off the wax |
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Term
| What are the two main uses of carnauba wax? |
|
Definition
• Car waxes
• Shoe polishes |
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Term
| What is bayberry wax used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| List three kinds of hydrogels from plants, and one kind of hydrogel from animals. |
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Definition
a. Plants- starches, pectins and gums
b. Animals - gelatins |
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Term
| In what way do hydrogels alter the behavior of water? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the chemical characteristics of plant gums? |
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Definition
• linear or branched polymers of sugar
• water soluble or capable of absorbing water
• insoluble in oil
• mixing with water causes gel |
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Term
| What are exudate gums, how are they produced, and what is their function in plants? |
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Definition
seal wounds help prevent invasions of bacteria
obtained from seeds or wood specied usually |
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Term
What is the function of gums in each of the following products?
Dairy product
Frozen food products
Medicinal tablets (pills |
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Definition
- creamy consistancy
- prevent freezer burn
- gums hold tablets together |
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Term
| Describe how gum arabic is obtained and processed. |
|
Definition
• slashed or punctured to make wound
• graded and dried |
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Term
| How is locust bean gum obtained and used for? |
|
Definition
• from seeds
• used only in food industry (ice cream stabilizer, salad dressing, pie fillling |
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Term
| 11. What is the history of guar and its uses in the United States? |
|
Definition
• introduced in 1903 as cover crop
• domestic production of guar increased during WW2 when locust bean gum was hard to get
• used in: meats, baked goods, dairy products, soups, sauces, salad dressings
• waterproofing for explosives |
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Term
| 12. From what plant part is larch gum obtained? |
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Definition
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Term
| 13. Describe why the semisynthetic cellulose gum (carboxymethylcellulose) is used in detergents. |
|
Definition
• adds whitening and brightening effects
• high viscosity
• cellulose gum binds to dirt so doesnt go back on them in spin cycle |
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Term
| 14. Why are lemons and grapefruits used more often than other citrus fruits as a source for pectin? |
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Definition
| • because of products made from fruits the pectin part would just be wate |
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Term
| What is the majority of the world’s pectin used for? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| From which three plant parts is starch extracted from commercially for hydrogel use? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How are starch granules extracted from these plants? |
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Definition
-flushing ruptured cells with cool water
-evaporate water
-solid residue left that is dried and powdered |
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Term
| How is the product called “SuperSlurper” made, what important characteristic does it have, and what household and industrial uses does it have? |
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Definition
-linked cornstarch to synthetic compound
-absorb several times weight
-in diapers, wound dressings, fuel filters and conducting agents in batteries |
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Term
|
Definition
| mixture of organic compounds produced in laticifers |
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Term
| What are two possible functions of latexes in plants? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| elastic latex lumped together in vernacular originally |
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Term
4. What important discoveries about rubber did the following people make?
Sir Joseph Priestly
Charles Macintosh
Charles Goodyear |
|
Definition
Sir Joseph Priestly - hevea latex in 1770 could rub out mistakes written
Charles Macintosh - 1823 hevea rubber is soluble in hexaane, created waterproofing (cracked in cold)
Charles Goodyear - vulcanization - crosslinking of rubber isoprene molecules by adding sulfer and lead oxide (made it good for all weather) |
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Term
| How was latex harvested from wild trees (pre-1880) and processed? |
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Definition
hevea trees were tapped by diagnol slash
cups placed at lower ends
periodically collected
brought to smoke house to be filteres, mixed with water and put over fire
formed balls |
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Term
| How is latex currently processed? |
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Definition
dilute acetic or formic acid used instead of smoke
forms sheets instead of balls |
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Term
| List three possible advantages and one disadvantage of using guayule as an alternate source of rubber. |
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Definition
Advantages - identical isoprene latex is virtually identical, produce 20 percent weight in rubber and good if allergic to latex
Disadvantage - plants cannot be harvested until 7 years old |
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Term
| Describe how guayule plants are harvested and processed to obtain latex. |
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Definition
shrubs are collected by cutting at base or uprooting
dipped in hot water to coagulate rubber and remove leaves
resins separated from latex
latex purified |
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Term
| What are the functions of resins in plants? |
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Definition
deter herbivory
antibacterial properties |
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Term
How are the following products obtained from pines (Pinus spp.), and what are their uses?
Pitch
Turpentine
Rosin |
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Definition
Pitch- effective sealant and prevent wine urns leaking
Turpentine- trees tapped and allowed to stand and used for deoderants, shaving lotions, medicines
Rosin- trees tapped and allowed to stand, used for stringed instruments, printer ink and varnishes |
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Term
| What is amber derived from, and what are its characteristics? |
|
Definition
fossilized resin
lightweight
transparent or opaque |
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