Term
Compare the following features of plant fibres with those of animal fibres.
Composition
Reaction to high heat
Acceptance of dyes
Elasticity
Absorbency |
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Definition
Composition - plants composed of cellulose, animal made of protein
Reaction to high heat- plant not effected by high heat
Acceptance of dyes - animal promotes dye adherance
Elasticity - plant less elastic
Absorbency - plant have higher absorbency |
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Term
| List six general uses of plant fibres. |
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Definition
textiles
brushes
plaiting/weaving
stuffing material
paper
speciality |
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Term
| What are three types of textile fibres? Provide two examples of each type. |
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Definition
seed and fruit fibers - cotton, coir
soft or bast fibres - hemp, linen
hard or leaf fibres - sisal, pineapple |
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Term
| What characteristics of fibres are required for spinning? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
soft plant parts are rotted away from microorganisms
leaving fibers intact |
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Term
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Definition
after retting, soft woody cells remaiin
removed by beating using fluted rollers |
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Term
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Definition
| drawing mass of fibres across vertical pins like a comb |
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Term
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Definition
crushing plant material and scraping extraneous material from fibers
usually bleached |
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Term
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Definition
seperating seed fibers
applying chemicals and defoliants |
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Term
| What is the function of seed and fruit fibres in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the seed fibres of milkweed (Asclepias spp.) and kapok (Ceiba pentandra) used for? |
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Definition
| commercial stuffing material |
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Term
| Which single plant species has fruit fibres that can be spun? |
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Definition
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Term
| List three advantages of growing cotton as an annual rather than as a perennial. |
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Definition
more uniform
insensitive to day length
short stature |
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Term
| Describe two types of cotton fibres and their uses. |
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Definition
short hairs/linters - papermaking
long hair/cottonseed - oilseed crop |
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Term
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Definition
picking
machine pulls cottonseed from fibre |
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Term
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Definition
similar to hackling
aligning them parallel to one another |
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Term
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Definition
| masses of fibre pass thru huge rollers |
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Term
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Definition
| increase cluster and uptake of dyes |
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Term
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Definition
ammonia process
prevents shrinking |
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Term
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Definition
| adding thick substances like starch or gel to stiffen or fix irregularities |
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Term
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Definition
chemicals that crosslink cellulose polymers so they don't wrinkle
retains shape |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of cells that are longer than cotton fibres but shorter than most bast or leaf fibres |
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Term
| What two fibres come from mature husks and what are they used for? |
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Definition
Mattress fibres- use to stuff things
Bristle fibres- brushes/brooms/doormatts |
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Term
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Definition
soft fibres
supports stems but has flexibility |
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Term
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Definition
used for sacking
used since the bible
inelastic and disintegrates in water
used in canvas/wall coverngs/conveyor belts |
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Term
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Definition
oldest textile used by humans
native to EU and western asia
no speices considered wild |
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Term
| Characteristics of Flax fibres |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
lifted from tissue
dried
hackled
fiber extraction using enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
native to western asia
tend to be stiffer and darker
longest of any bast species
used in rope and canvas |
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Term
| What two problems make harvesting and processing ramie (Boehmeria nivea) difficult? |
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Definition
plants mature unevenly - harvesting difficult
have a lot of gum and pectin |
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Term
| What important characteristic does ramie have as a fibre for textiles? |
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Definition
| strong, durable and silkiest |
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Term
| What is hard fibres function in the plant? |
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Definition
| in phloem in vascular bundles scattered in leaves and leaf bases where the thick walled fiber cells provide support |
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Term
| List four current uses of sisal (Agave sisalana) fibres. |
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Definition
| sacking, mats, tea bags, reinforcements for materials |
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Term
| How are plants harvested and processed to obtain sisal fibres? |
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Definition
mature leaves of agave species cut at base
brought to factory
go between rollers
squeeze out water
mush scraped away from fibres
beaten, aligned, washed and hung in sun to dry |
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Term
| Royal Botanic Gardens in London England |
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Definition
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Term
| When is Cork oak harvested |
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Definition
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Term
| Whats used for pulp? What is one thing NOT used for pulp? |
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Definition
NOT hops
bamboo and kanaf is |
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Term
| Are xylem fully functional when they are dead? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The creative pruning of plants into shapes
geometrical or animals |
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Term
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Definition
used as a mordant in dying operations
to make animals skins more resistant to water/heat |
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Term
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Definition
| water soluble extracts that are used to color objects |
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Term
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Definition
| increased the adherence of various dues to fabrics |
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Term
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Definition
| synthetic and produce a wide array of vibrant colors |
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Term
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Definition
red dye
producing color fastness |
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Term
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Definition
orange
used as ceremonial decorations and in hair dye |
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Term
| Safflower- Carthamus tincorius |
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Definition
deep orange
traditionally employed for medicinal purposes |
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Term
| Indigo- Indigofera tinctoria |
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Definition
first use in china
opulence |
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Term
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Definition
red stigmas
dyed the royal robes of Irish kings |
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Term
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Definition
deep yellow
helped make the outfits worn by robin hoods men |
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Term
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Definition
blue
used to class make robin hoods men's outfits
can be called indigo |
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Term
| Butternuts- Juglans cinerea |
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Definition
gray color
jackets of the southern forces in civil war |
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Term
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Definition
red
ritual and decorative body paint |
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Term
| Bloodroot- Sanguinaria canadensis |
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Definition
red
native american used as a dye |
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Term
| Logwood- Haematoxylum campechianum |
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Definition
| purple, blue, grey, black |
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Term
| Two reasons for resurgence of interest in use of natural dyes |
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Definition
1. growing concern of safety of synthetic dues in products (in food, medicines, cosmetics)
2. rise and reliability of synthetic dyes took its toll |
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Term
| Two functions of tannins in plants? |
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Definition
inhibit microbial growth
deter feeding by various insects |
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Term
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Definition
| process of turning raw skins into leather |
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Term
| Three steps in tanning leather |
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Definition
1. remove hair
2. after tanning the leathers are based and treated with oil
3. can be finished by a coating of gum/resin/wax |
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Term
| Which plant part do most tannins come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two plant species used by North Americans for their tannins? |
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Definition
1. Hemlocks
2. American Chestnut |
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