Term
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Definition
| controlled by growth hormone, thyroid hormone and sex hormones |
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Term
| endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| replacement of cartilage precursor by bone |
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Term
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Definition
| what bone forms first from endochondral ossification |
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Term
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Definition
| what woven bone becomes when extensively remodeled by resorbtion and appositional growth |
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Term
| endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| long bones, vertebrae, pelvis and base of skull do what kind of bone formation |
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Term
| intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
| direct replacement of mesenchyme by bone; no cartilage precursor |
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Term
| intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
| what kind of bone formation does the VAULT of the skull undergo |
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Term
| 1)mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, 2)produce osteoid, 3)later this mineralizes into bone |
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Definition
| describe the process of intramembranous ossification |
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Term
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Definition
| long bone precursor is formed from ____ |
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Term
| mid shaft(diaphysis) -forms the periosteal cuff |
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Definition
| primary center of ossification(the only one) in endochondral ossification occurs where? |
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Term
| osteoprogenitor cells from the periosteum, along with growing blood vessels |
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Definition
| after the periosteal cuff is formed, what migrates into the medulla? |
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Term
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Definition
| how many centers of secondary ossification occur in the epiphyses? |
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Term
| death of chondrocytes and spread of osteoblasts |
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Definition
| as mineralization spreads across the cartilage matrix, and it becomes calcified, diffusion of nutrients is limited, so what happens? |
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Term
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Definition
| this region of the metaphysis remains open for a while in humans, allowing continuous longitudinal growth |
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Term
| unmineralized, to allow for growth |
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Definition
| what does "open" mean when referring to bone |
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Term
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Definition
| at maturity what happens to cartilage proliferation as the cartilage plate is replace by bone? |
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Term
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Definition
| complete ossification occurs at maturity, what is another name for this? |
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Term
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Definition
| the last long bone to close, when does this happen? |
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Term
| no, fish grow indefinately, so the oldest fish usually = the biggest fish |
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Definition
| do fish and reptiles (lower vertebrae) have closure of epiphysis? |
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Term
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Definition
| once the epiphysis closes, what does the growth plate appear as in the metaphysis on x-rays? |
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Term
| all growth plates were closed except the femur so he had to be 18-20 |
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Definition
| how was the age of king tut at death determined? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 1)zone of reserve cartilage, 2)proliferation, 3)maturation, 4)hypertrophy, 5)degeneration, 6)ossification |
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Definition
| list the zones in the epiphyseal plate (6-in order epiphysis to diaphysis) |
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Term
| zone of reserve cartilage |
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Definition
| epiphyseal growth plate zone where there is hyaline cartilage with clusters of chondrocytes, no cell proliferation |
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Term
|
Definition
| epiphyseal growth plate zone where there is successive mitotic division of chondrocytes, creating columns of chondrocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| epiphyseal growth plate zone where division ceases, chondrocytes increase in size |
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Term
| zone of hypertrophy (& calcification) |
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Definition
| epiphyseal growth plate zone where chondrocytes greatly enlarge, contain large amounts of glycogen, become vacuolated and calcify |
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Term
| zone of (cartilage) degeneration |
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Definition
epiphyseal growth plate zone where chondrocytes degenerate; lacunae invaded by osteogenic cells
capillaries of marrow cavity migrate from diaphysis into growth plate |
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Term
|
Definition
epiphyseal growth plate zone where blood vessels from the marrow cavity grow into cartilage mass
osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts, congregate on spicules of calcified cartilage matrix to form bony trabeculae |
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Term
|
Definition
| in intramembranous ossification, _____ differentiate directly into osteoblasts and begin synthesizing osteoid at multiple sites |
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Term
|
Definition
| how many centers of ossification are there in intramembranous ossification |
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|
Term
| there is none, the ossification centers form within membrane (mesenchyme) |
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Definition
| what is the precursor for intramembranous ossification |
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Term
| adjacent centers of ossification |
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Definition
| in intramembranous ossification, mineralization follows with subsequent fusion of ______ |
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Term
|
Definition
| in intramembranous ossification, osteoblasts trapped within lacunae of _____ become osteocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| in intramembranous ossification, osteoprogenitor cells (located where) continue to divide, provide replacements |
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Term
| woven bone is formed, can be remodeled to compact or spongy bone |
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Definition
| in intramembranous ossification, what type of bone forms first, later to be remodeled by osteoclasts/blasts |
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Term
| pain, swelling, redness, and heat |
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Definition
| immediately after fracture, inflammatory response happens causing what? |
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Term
|
Definition
| in acute phase(first few days) _____ arrive to fracture/inflammation site |
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Term
|
Definition
| in the subacute phase, ______ arrives to the bone fracture/inflammation site |
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Term
| fibroblasts and capillaries(need blood supply to heal) |
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Definition
| after 1 week, ____ and ______ proliferate and grow into site of injury |
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Term
| granulation tissue (vascular collagenous tissue) |
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Definition
| once capillaries and fibroblasts invade the injury site, what is formed? |
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Term
| fibrous granulation tissue |
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Definition
| after granulation tissue forms the injury site becomes progressively more fibrous in the chronic face forming _____ |
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Term
|
Definition
| after fibrous granulation tissue forms during fracture repair, ______ cells differentiate into chondroblasts and secret matrix causing the progressive replacement of granulation tissue by hyaline cartilage |
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Term
| deposition of calcium salts in collagen matrix |
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Definition
| once hyaline cartilage (provisional callous) forms in bone repair process, what is it strengthened with? |
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Term
|
Definition
| in bone repair when the provisional callous is forming, osteoprogenitor cells from endosteum and periosteum at edge of wound grow inward and produce a meshwork of ____ bone within the provisional callous |
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Term
| helps stabilize and bind the fracture together |
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Definition
| what is the function of the bony callous |
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Term
|
Definition
| when fracture site is completely bridged by woven bone |
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Term
| the bony callous forms quickly and bone could begin to repair itself in the incorrect position, making it necessary to re-break the bone |
|
Definition
| why is it important to realign and stabilize/set the fracture quickly? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is the bony callous progressivley remodeled into? |
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|
Term
| 6-12 wks depending on severity and location |
|
Definition
| how long does it take bone to fully heal? |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of joints causes this |
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Term
|
Definition
| progressive degeneration and loss of articular cartilage |
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|
Term
| pitting, erosion, eburnation |
|
Definition
| what does osteoarthritis lead to |
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Term
|
Definition
| pain swelling, thickening of joint capsule |
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Term
|
Definition
| production of irregular new bone at edges of articular surfaces |
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Term
|
Definition
| limits range of motion, progressive buildup of osteophytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| osteroarthritis or trauma can lead to ______, bony fusion of joint with loss of mobility |
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Term
|
Definition
| local autoimmune reaction in joints |
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Term
|
Definition
| body produces antibodies that attack joints, causing pain, damage to articular cartilage, thickening, and damage to synovial membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| deposits of urates and uric acid crystals in joints (especially fingers and toes) |
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Term
|
Definition
| extremely painful, associated with consumption of large quantities of red wine, meat |
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Term
asparagus, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts
-all of these are "new" growth on the plant and contain high levels of nitrogen and protein |
|
Definition
| what vegetables cause gout, why? |
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Term
| some diuretics and HTN meds |
|
Definition
| some drugs cause gout, what did morrow mention? |
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Term
|
Definition
| disease when bone matrix doesn't calcify normally in children during growth, leading to sofy deformed bones which can be permanent |
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Term
| dietary insufficiency of Ca or Vitamin D (required of CA absorbtion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| osteomalacia (failure to mineralize ->softening of bone) |
|
Definition
| in adults insufficient Ca and Vit D can lead to __ |
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Term
|
Definition
| loss of bone mass, resorption of osteoclasts exceeds deposition by osteoclaasts |
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Term
|
Definition
| osteoporosis is a common problem in post menopausal women due to ______ |
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|
Term
oral calcium, and Vit D to increase absorption
also chondroitin, glucosamine, and gelatin are helpful |
|
Definition
| how is osteoporosis treated |
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Term
|
Definition
| what vitamin is necessary for synthesis of collagen |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| can lead to weakening of collagen in ligaments esp. peridontal ligament so there can bee tooth loss |
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Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of scars /old wounds which break open and bleed is caused by what? |
|
|
Term
| citrus fruits, oranges, lemons, limes, guavas, mangoes |
|
Definition
| what is high in vitamin C? |
|
|
Term
| LAMELLAR!!!! (as opposed to woven) |
|
Definition
| spongy bone, compact bone, trabecular bone, and cortical bone are all _____ bone |
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|
Term
| matrix vessicles (with alkaline phosphatase) |
|
Definition
| controls bone mineralization by neutralizing inhibitory effects of pyrophosphate |
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