Term
|
Definition
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Has collagen in it, not really concentrated
• Appears to not have any fibers
• Glossy homogenous appearance
• can twist and bend it
• Conduit – blood / nutrients can go through (percolate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Contains a lot elastic fibers
• Desmosome and isodesmosine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Easy to stain
• Easy to make out fibrous matrix
• Many collagen bundles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to filter gradually through a porous surface or substance. |
|
|
Term
| Why isn't hyaline cartilage hard? |
|
Definition
| so that bloom vessels on the outside can release nutrients that can go through the matrix |
|
|
Term
| Under a microscope, what does hyaline cartilage look like? |
|
Definition
smooth, glassy appearance. collagen fibers are barely identifiable
very light colored inter territorial matrix
isogenic groups of lacunae, which stain darkly around each one |
|
|
Term
| What part of the ground substance will stain when examining hyaline cartilage? |
|
Definition
| Proteoglycans and other carbohydrates (use eosin) |
|
|
Term
| What time of staining would best be used to stain hyaline cartilage? |
|
Definition
| Eosin will stain the proteoglycans |
|
|
Term
| What does the matrix of elastic cartilage contain? |
|
Definition
| contains ELASTIC and COLLAGEN fiber |
|
|
Term
| What is fibrocartilage less pliable than other forms? |
|
Definition
| less pliable because of the presence of thick collagen bundles, which give it tensile strength |
|
|
Term
| Where are chondrocytes housed? |
|
Definition
| In spaces in the matrix called lacunae |
|
|
Term
| Describe the continuous turnover in cartilage? |
|
Definition
| Active in recycling materials/ components to the matrix….so exocytosis and endocytosis (inside and outside the cell)…materials broken down and recycled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cartilage covering
surrounds HYALINE and ELASTIC cartilage only |
|
|
Term
| What types of cartilage contain a perichondrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the matrix of fibrocartilage |
|
Definition
| ground substance is less concentrated (like hyaline) |
|
|
Term
| How many layers are there in the perichondrium? |
|
Definition
2 layers
The outer layer is fibrous, which contains fibroblasts, collagen, and blood vessels
Inner layer lays directly over the cartilage layer, gives rise to chondroblasts (chondrogenic), which results in new cartilage cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of growth in cartilage? |
|
Definition
| Interstitial growth and Appositional Growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs within the matrix of the cartilage
this growth occurs inside the cartilage and expands it
an individual progenitor cell divides, forming cell nests
cells of the lacunae divide, forming new daughter cells |
|
|
Term
| Isogenous groups (cell nests) |
|
Definition
| a cluster of chondrocytes, all formed through division of a single progenitor cell, found in hyaline cartilage growing by interstitial growth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs on the inner layer of the perichondrium
applies more cartilage to the outer surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Covering the surface of the inside and outside of bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spongy bone- spaces and gaps (called cancellous bone)
Compact bone - thick, densely packed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed by calcium and phosphate
main ingredient that makes bone hard |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yes, bone contains blood vessels in its matrix, via the Haversian Canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only via appositional growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Periosteum (contains outer layer and inner osteogenic layer)
Endosteum (One cell layer thick lining the inner surfaces) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(One cell layer thick lining the inner surfaces of ALL BONE)
Has osteogenic potential
between the inner surfaces in spongy bone
no fibrous connective tissue like the periosteum
layer of cells that osteoclasts remove bone from |
|
|
Term
| Outer and inner circumferential lamellae |
|
Definition
Outer lines the circumference of the outer layer
Inner circumferential lines circumference of each osteon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone tissue that doesn't follow circular pattern, linear….forms connections between osteons |
|
|
Term
| Haversian Canal (central canal) |
|
Definition
located at the center of each osteon
houses blood vessels and nerves |
|
|
Term
| During bone growth, how does the bone prevent itself from becoming too thick? |
|
Definition
| As bone is being added to the by osteoblasts on the inner layer of the periosteum, osteoclasts perform bone resorption of the endosteum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
channels that radiate from central canal (one per osteon)
o Connect lacunae to the central canal
o Blood vessels in the central canal
o osteons receive important materials |
|
|
Term
| Do bone contain lacunae like cartilage? |
|
Definition
| Yes, the lacunae house the osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
perpendicular to central canals
carry blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refer to the thin pieces of connections between spongy bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the thick pieces of connections between spongy bone |
|
|
Term
| What parts of bone have osteogenic potential? |
|
Definition
| The inner layer of the periosteum and the endosteum |
|
|
Term
| Where do hydroxyapatite crystal grow? |
|
Definition
crystal nucleate and grow along collagen fibers
they also provide tensile strength |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resorptive cells found in Howship’s lacunae multinuclear, giant cells |
|
|
Term
| Where are osteoclasts found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the appearance of osteoclasts |
|
Definition
| multinuclear, giant cells |
|
|
Term
| What type of stain would you use to identify osteoclasts? |
|
Definition
Feulgen's Stain since it contains a quantitative density of DNA
could also use heatoxylin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Secrete phosphatase that breaks down the hydroxyappetite crystals and softens the surface
• Border agitates and degrades the soft surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in the epiphysis of long bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| follows the length of the long bone...found in the diaphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Known as growth plate…critical in lengthening of long bone |
|
|
Term
| Sharpey’s (Peforating) Fibers |
|
Definition
o Large bundles of collagen to help anchor periosteum to bone
• Found in periodontal ligament to help maintain connection of alveolar bone to cementum of tooth |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of collagen fibers in bone? |
|
Definition
Collagen fibers have great tensile strength
Their alternating pattern helps bone resist various pulling and twisting forces applied to it |
|
|
Term
| 2 Method of Ossification (formation of bone) |
|
Definition
Intramembranous
Endochondral |
|
|
Term
| Intramembranous Ossification |
|
Definition
(flat bones of the skull, jaw, clavicles, etc…)
•Start with a membrane of mesynchymal cells…differentiate into osteoblasts, forming an ossification center
•When secretions (osteoid) are released, not calcified immediately (soft at first)
• In time, osteoid begins to calcify
• Lacunae now form and canulicula forming
• On surface the new cells are forming and osteocytes become less active
• Eventually get a spongy bone, covered in endosteum
• Compact bone forms on the outer surfaces
• Periosteum on outer surface
• Diploe allows vascular tissue growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretions of osteoblasts in the beginning stages of intramembranous ossification |
|
|
Term
| Endochondral Ossification (within cartilage) |
|
Definition
• Start with mesenchyme…initially differentiate into chondroblasts
• These form a model of cartilage
• Cartilage starts to calcify over time and become replaced with new osteoblasts that make bone
• Bone collar – allows blood supply to enter
• First sign bone will be formed (Cartilage is avascular)
• Marrow cavity gets cleared out, leaving endostial lining
• Epiphyseal plate (hyaline) not replaced by spongy bone
• Allow intersitital growth
• Cartilage continues to grow and lay new bone down
• Cartilage will age and be replaced by bone on the inner side of the epiphyseal plate
• Spongy bone is calcified cartilage |
|
|
Term
| After ossification, where are the only two places that cartilage remain? |
|
Definition
• Epiphyseal Plate
• Articular Cartilage (located at each end |
|
|
Term
| When looking at slide of bone near epiphyseal plate what are the 5 zones? |
|
Definition
(From top to bottom)
1. Resting Zone
2. Growth (Proliferation Zone) - cartilage cells undergo mitosis
3. Hypertrophic Zone - older cartilage cells enlarge
4. Calcification Zone - matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, matrix begins deteriorating
5. Ossification (osteogenic zone) - new bone formation occurs |
|
|
Term
| 2 hormones that regulate bone growth |
|
Definition
Calcitonin - a hormone that lowers blood calcium
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) - a hormone that lowers calcium levels in blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Made in the Thyroid
a hormone that lowers blood calcium
➢ Causes cells to create additional osteoblasts/osteocytes
➢ Calcium is taken from blood and incorporated into hydroxyappetite |
|
|
Term
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
|
Definition
Made in the Parathyroid
➢ Osteoclasts increase in number to break down calcified crystals
• Freed calcium get released into the blood, ultimately raising blood calcium level |
|
|
Term
| 4 steps of healing resulting from a bone fracture |
|
Definition
• Hematoma Formation - (a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues)
• Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
• Bony callus formation
• Bone remodeling |
|
|
