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| 3 basic types of muscle in the body |
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Definition
| Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle |
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| How many layers of connective tissue are associated with skeletal muscle? |
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3 layers:
1. Endomysium
2. Perimysium
3. Epimysium |
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| Around each individual muscle cell and fiber |
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| each cluster of cells...about 7 or 8 per muscle cell |
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| connective tissue wrapping around each fascicle |
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| connective tissue that surrounds the entire skeletal muscle...blends into tendons (cord-like) and aponeuroses (sheet-like) |
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| another layer of connective tissue, located outside of the epimysium that connects to other muscles and bones |
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| Sites of muscle attachment |
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• Bones
• Cartilages
• Connective Tissue Coverings |
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| Characteristics of smooth muscle |
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Definition
no striations (characteristic of skeletal)
spindle shaped
involuntary
Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs |
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| Describe how smooth muscle functions in the digestive tract |
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Definition
• In digestive tract, there are two layers of muscle that run in opposite directions
• Inner and outer layers of smooth muscle ….circular and longitudinal….run in different directions
➢ In smooth muscle these transitionally alternating muscle fibers help to serve the actions of peristalsis. As the circular fibers contract the tube (lumen) constricts and as the longitudinal fibers contract it opens up the lumen. |
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| Characteristics of cardiac muscle |
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Definition
located in walls of the heart, BRANCHING, STRIATED, ONE nucleus per cell
Intercalated discs |
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found where individual cardiac cells joins neighbor
➢ Allow more opportunity for cardiac muscle cells to communicate with each other
• Allows for more rapid transmission of the electrical signal and also a greater syncing of firing during contraction (action potential) |
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| Characteristic of Skeletal Muscle |
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Definition
columnar-tube shape
3 layers of connective tissue associated with each one
more than one nucleus per cell |
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| •Plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fibers |
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• Myofibrils have a striated repeating, structure and alignment that allow for contraction
• Dark bands referred to A (anisotropic) bands
• Light bands referred to I (isotropic) bands |
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specialized smooth ER
• Storage of calcium |
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the contractile unit in muscle fiber from one z line to another
• repeating over and over
• Shorts when muscle contracts and expands when relaxed
• Include actin (thin) and myosin (thick) |
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• Where actin filaments meet, form zigzag
• Z disc found within the I band |
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contains the Z-line, where the actin filaments come together
no myosin filaments in the I- Band |
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| from 1 Z disc to the next |
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Distance between two neighboring dz discs
known as bare zone
no myosin heads |
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| Entire length of the myosin filament |
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| the middle of the H zone, where the two z discs meet upon contraction |
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| When the muscle is at rest, does the H zone have actin, myosin, or both in it? |
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Definition
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| Ca+2 is significant in what way during muscle contraction |
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Definition
| it is critical for ting movement of actin and myosin |
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Definition
covers binding site of actin
Troponin complex scattered along length of actin
attached to troponin |
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attached to tropomyosin
lies within the groove between actin filaments in muscle tissue. |
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| When released from the sarcoplamic ER, Ca+2 binds to what? |
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Definition
| it binds troponin, causing a conformational change, resulting in an exposed tropomyosin site on the actin filament that the myosin head can bind to |
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association site of nerve and muscle (gap)
mitochondria located on both sides of the junction |
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| • T-tubules are typically located at the junction overlap between the A and I bands of the sarcomere, and together with a pair of terminal cisternae (bulbous enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum) it forms an arrangement called a triad. |
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| invaginate the sarcolemma, allowing impulses to penetrate the cell and activate the SR |
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| Where are mitochondria located in muscle cell contraction? |
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Definition
| both sides of the synaptic cleft, sarcoplasm |
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| neurotransmitter released during muscle contraction |
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| When happens when the neurotransmitter attach to the receptors of the sarcolemma? |
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| Sarcolemma becomes permeable to sodium (Na+) |
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| What cellular materials ensure that neurotransmitter moves correctly across the synaptic cleft? |
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| The sarcomere is composed of what enzyme? |
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Definition
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| (bulbous enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum) that release Ca+2 |
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