Term
| diagnostic criteria for RPL |
|
Definition
| 2+ losses <20 (not counting ectopic, biochemical, molar) |
|
|
Term
| what is a sign in the pregnancy that significantly decreases the risk of loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the work up for RPL - 7 |
|
Definition
| cavity assessment (HSC, SIS, HSC, TVUS, MRI), karyotype (maternal, paternal, fetal tissue perferred), TSH, androgens, HBA1C, PRL, luteal length |
|
|
Term
| what are some adjunct labs you could get for RPL if the patient has risks factors or concerning symptoms - 4 |
|
Definition
| thrombophilia, APAS, infection, autoimmune |
|
|
Term
| risk of pregnancy loss the next pregnancy if you had 3, 4, 5, 6 losses |
|
Definition
3 - 30%
4 - 30%
5 - 40%
6 - 50% |
|
|
Term
| what percent of RPL is due to a genetic condition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of RPL is due to APAS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of RPL is due to a uterine anomaly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 endocrine disorders that cause PRL |
|
Definition
| hyperprolactinamia, hypothyroid, diabetes, PCOS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| age, genetic, uterine anomaly, fibroids, APAS, smoking, alcohol, caffeine, infection, luteal phase deficiency, endocrine, SLE, hyperprolactinemia |
|
|
Term
| why do older women have RPL |
|
Definition
| mitotic spindle dysfunction increases the risk of aneuploidy |
|
|
Term
| risk of aneuploidy at 20, 35, 40, 45yo |
|
Definition
| 20y 1:250, 35y 1:200, 40y 1:65, 45y 1:25 |
|
|
Term
| why do older men have a risk of RPL |
|
Definition
| increased (slight) aneuploidy of sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| #1 chromosomal cause of SAB |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| #1 chromosomal rearrangement causing SAB |
|
Definition
| unbalance reciporical translocation |
|
|
Term
| what is a reciporical translocation |
|
Definition
| exchange of arm of nonhomologous chromosome causing balanced (silent) or unbalanced (SAB risk) translocation |
|
|
Term
| what is a robertosonin translocation |
|
Definition
| exchange of arm of acrocentric chromosomes (13, 14, 15, 21, 22) causing usually unbalanced translocations which can lead to RPL |
|
|
Term
| what has a higher risk of RPL reciporical or robertosonian translocations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the acrocentric chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what TSH level is associated with SAB |
|
Definition
| TSH >4 or TSH >2.5 with TPO antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HBA1C where DM increases SAB |
|
Definition
| no increased SAB unless uncontrolled, goal A1C <7 |
|
|
Term
| what can decrease SAB in PCOS patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rate of SAB in thrombophilia |
|
Definition
| no definitive link to SAB |
|
|
Term
| what is the gold standard, perferred, and other 2 methods for diagnosis of uterine anomalies |
|
Definition
| gold standard is LSC, perferred is 3D US less invasive, 2D US has 90% sensitivity, HSG does not see exterior |
|
|
Term
| #1 uterine developmental anomaly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cause of a uterine septum |
|
Definition
| incomplete RESORPTION of the medial septum from paramesonepheric fustion |
|
|
Term
| cause of a unicornuate uterus |
|
Definition
| failure of one of the mullerian ducts |
|
|
Term
| cause of bicornuate uterus |
|
Definition
| incomplete FUSION of the mullerian ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no FUSION of the mullerian ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which uterine anomalies cause PTD |
|
Definition
| unicornuate, bicornuate, didephius? |
|
|
Term
| which uterine anomalies cause SAB and rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can you tell bicornuate and septate apart |
|
Definition
| septate will have a convex fundus with a <1cm indent, bucornuate will have 1cm indent |
|
|
Term
| which uteirne anomalies are associated with renal anomalies and what rate |
|
Definition
| unicornuate 40%, bicornuate 15%, didelphius ? |
|
|
Term
| risk of uterine anomalies if exposed to DES in utero |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| uterine anomalies if exposed to DES in utero - 2 |
|
Definition
| T uterus, cockscomb cervical hood |
|
|
Term
| which type of fibroid increases SAB |
|
Definition
| submucosal, IM insufficient evidence |
|
|
Term
| which uterine anomalies increase the risk of malpresentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a luteal phase deficiency |
|
Definition
| decreased progesterone from corpus luteum before 7wk gestation when the placenta takes over |
|
|
Term
| how is luteal phase deficiency diagnosed - 2 |
|
Definition
| it isnt, there is no good test. luteal phase <13d, EMBX path >2d from menstural dating |
|
|
Term
| if you suspect a luteal phase deficiency what do you need to rule out |
|
Definition
| thyroid and prolactin disorders, both shorten the luteal phase |
|
|
Term
| management of luteal phase deficiency |
|
Definition
| progesterone does not help, nothing to do |
|
|
Term
| % of reporductive age women with APAS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| % of SLE patients with APAS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diagnosis of APAS - clinical |
|
Definition
| VTE, 3+ SAB <10wk, 1+ loss >10wk, PTD <34w with placental insufficiency or pre-e |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antiphospholipid Ab, B2 microglobulin, anticardipin Ab (2x >12wk apart, IgG/M) |
|
|
Term
| why does APAS cause RPL and VTE |
|
Definition
| antibiodies to maternal and trophoblast vessel endothelium, antibodies to trophoblast itself |
|
|
Term
| complications of APAS clinically - 7 |
|
Definition
| VTE, IUGR, pre-e, RPL, stillbirth, amaurosis fugax, alloimmune thrombocytopenia (50%) |
|
|
Term
| infection that is associated with RPL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| possible infections potentially associated with RPL - 4 |
|
Definition
| ureaplasma, mycoplasma, toxoplasma, listeria |
|
|
Term
| effects of smoking on fertility - |
|
Definition
| increases time to conception, increases SAB, early menopause due to follicle toxicity |
|
|
Term
| alcohol level that would contribute to RPL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| caffeine level that would contribute to RPL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| APAS DVT prevention - pregnant and history of VTE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| APAS DVT prevention - has RPL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| APAS DVT prevention - pregnant and no history of VTE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anything without estrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| % of infertility that is female, male, both, unexplained |
|
Definition
| female 40%, male 30%, both 10%, unexplained 20% |
|
|
Term
| % of infertile patients with depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| % of depression after failed IVF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to achieve a clinically recognized pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| probability per menstural cycle of achieving a pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of a couple to achieve a live birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| >1y without contraception and regular intercourse without pregnancy, >6mo if 35yo+ |
|
|
Term
| % that will conceive in 3, 6, 12, 24mo |
|
Definition
| 3 - 57%, 6 - 72%, 12 - 85%, 24 - 93% |
|
|
Term
| indications to refer to REI - 6 |
|
Definition
| >40yo, >35yo, oligomenorrhea, suspected uterine/tubal disease, stage 3-4 endo, suspected male factor |
|
|
Term
| after the LH surge how long until an egg is released |
|
Definition
| 36-48h, 24h from the peak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long can a sperm live |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the window of fertility |
|
Definition
| the 72h before ovulation is highest rates |
|
|
Term
| how can you evaluate ovarian reserve - 4 |
|
Definition
| AFC, CD4 FSH/E2/inhibin B, clomiphine challenge, antimullerian hormone |
|
|
Term
| ways to evaluate if someone is ovulating |
|
Definition
| D1 progesterone >3 (if not repeat it because they could have long cycles) |
|
|
Term
| what do you need to evaluate in infertility - 7 |
|
Definition
| if their ovulating, ovarian reserve, tubes, uterus, TSH, HBA1C, prenatal labs |
|
|
Term
| what are some labs you can consider in an infertility work up if the patient meets criteria - 4 |
|
Definition
| thrombophilia, karyotype (abn SA, POF), EMBX if AUB and qualifies, PRL if AUB |
|
|
Term
| what is a normal CD4 FSH, E3, inhibin B, is elevation or decrease indication of decreased ovarian reserve |
|
Definition
| FSH <10 (increased means less follicles), E2 <60 (increased means there is advanced follicle recruitment in old ovaries), inhibin B should be elevated (if decreased less ability to concieve, non specific) |
|
|
Term
| how does a clomiphine challenge work |
|
Definition
| CD3 FSH/E2 -> CD 5-9 100mg colmiphine -> CD10 FSH/E2 |
|
|
Term
| how is a clomiphine challenge inerperted |
|
Definition
| FSH <10 and lower E2 is normal, increased FSH means less follicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made in granulosa cells, recruitment (transitions resting follicles into growing follicles) |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 ways to monitor if someone is ovulating |
|
Definition
| basal body temp, serum LH, urine LH, cervical mucous |
|
|
Term
| what is the best monitoring for ovulation |
|
Definition
| serum LH, 1st day of surge will be mid cycle |
|
|
Term
| what is the worst way to monitor if someone is ovulating |
|
Definition
| basal body temp, its too late, it rises after ovulation and there isnt enough to sex before the egg dies |
|
|
Term
| how effective is urine LH at monitoring for ovulation |
|
Definition
| less than serum LH but also indicates mid ovulation |
|
|
Term
| what can falsley elevate urine LH - 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you use cervical mucous to monitor ovulation |
|
Definition
| peaks 2-3d before ovulation |
|
|
Term
| why cant you use progestetrone to monitor for ovulation |
|
Definition
| it peaks after ovulation, too late |
|
|
Term
| 5 values indicating decreased ovarian reserve |
|
Definition
| AMH <1, FSH >10 CD3, E2 >60 CD3, AFC <5-7, <4 oocytes retreived |
|
|
Term
| what does decreased ovarian reserve say about the ability to concieve, risk of SAB, and overall fertility |
|
Definition
| it doesnt say anything about any of these things, only the response they will have to stimulation |
|
|
Term
| 7 causes of decreased ovarian reserve |
|
Definition
| fragile X, PCOS, turners, chemo/RT, ovarian surgery, kallmans, hyperprolactin |
|
|
Term
| the 5 factors to consider as causes for infertility |
|
Definition
| ovarian reserve, tubal, uterine, endometriosis, unexplained |
|
|
Term
| % of infertility that is tubal factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| #1 cause of tubal factor infertility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| % that recall having PID and % that have chlamydia Ab and clinical signs of PID |
|
Definition
| 31% recall it, 79% had it |
|
|
Term
| what is a way you can avoid LSC/chromo if someone has a HSG with no flow and it could be tubal spasm |
|
Definition
| if they have negative chlamydia antibodies you can consider skipping and assume it was spasm |
|
|
Term
| salpingitis accounts for % of ectopic pregnancies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| risk of ectopic in salpingitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| risk of tubal infertility after 1, 2, 3 pelvic infections |
|
Definition
| 1 - 10%, 2 - 30%, 3 - 75% |
|
|
Term
| causes of tubal factor infertility - 4 |
|
Definition
| salpingitis, tubal fibrosis/endometriosis, essure/tubal, salpingitis isthmica nodosa, hydrosalpinx |
|
|
Term
| hydrosalpinx decreases pregnancy by % |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the recommendation for infertility treatment if salpingitis isthmica nodosa is diagnosed |
|
Definition
| IVF is recommended, high risk of ectopic |
|
|
Term
| what is salpingitis isthmica nodosa |
|
Definition
| diverticula of the mucosa into the mesosalpinx |
|
|
Term
| what is the recommended fertility treatment for tubal fibrosis/endometriosis |
|
Definition
| could try micro surgical excision/repeair |
|
|
Term
| what is the recommended fertility treatment if someone has essure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can essure coils poke the baby |
|
Definition
| 25% are encapsulated, donno |
|
|
Term
| what is the fecundity rate of unexplained infertility |
|
Definition
| 1.8-3.8% depending on age and length of infertility |
|
|
Term
| why does endometriosis cause infertility - 4 |
|
Definition
| inflammation (increased IL1, IL6, NK), decreased tubal transport |
|
|
Term
| 4 types of male infertility and their prevalence |
|
Definition
| idiopathic 40%, pre-testicular 1%, testicular 40%, post-testicular 20% |
|
|
Term
| management of idiopathic male infertility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does clomiphine help with male infertility - 3 |
|
Definition
| increases rate of pregnancy, sperm concentration, sperm motility |
|
|
Term
| what phsyiologic process causes pre-testicular male infertility |
|
Definition
| hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism |
|
|
Term
| causes of male hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism - 6 |
|
Definition
| kallmans, steroids, testosterone replacement, obesity, hyperprolactinemia, brain mass |
|
|
Term
| what brain masses can cause male hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism - 4 |
|
Definition
| harmatoma, craniopharyngoma, lymphoma, pituitary tumor |
|
|
Term
| why does hyperprolactinemia cause male hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism |
|
Definition
| PRL inhibits LH which decreases testosterone which makes less sperm |
|
|
Term
| signs of male hyperprolactinemia - 5 |
|
Definition
| ED 99%, decreased libido 88%, decreased body hair 40%, gynecomastic 21%, galactorrhea 13% |
|
|
Term
| causes of male hyperprolactinemia - 2 |
|
Definition
| pituitary tumor, drug induced |
|
|
Term
| treatment of male hyperprolactinemia - 2 |
|
Definition
| dopamine agonists, testosterone for libido only does not help fertility |
|
|
Term
| causes of testicular male infertility - 4 |
|
Definition
| karyotype abnormalities, chemo/RT, trauma/torsion, varicocele |
|
|
Term
| 2 karyotype abnormalities causing male infertility |
|
Definition
| kleinfelters syndrome, Y chromosome AZF deletion |
|
|
Term
| what % of men with sex chromosome aneuploidy and infertility have kleinfelters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is kleinfelters inherited |
|
Definition
| can pass to male offspring |
|
|
Term
| how is AZF deletion diagnosed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is AZF deletion sometimes identified |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 types of AZF deletion and their sperm prognosis |
|
Definition
A - proximal - azospermia
B - central - azospermia
C - distal - oligospermia |
|
|
Term
| which AZF deletion is inherited |
|
Definition
| C is always passed to any son |
|
|
Term
| management of infertility if AZF deletion |
|
Definition
AZFc - try testicular extraction
AZFa-b - sperm donor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dilated panpiniform plexus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| varicocele accounts for __% of primary and __% of secondary male infertility |
|
Definition
| 40% primary, 80% secondary |
|
|
Term
| how is infertility managed with varicocele |
|
Definition
| surgical treatment improves fertility |
|
|
Term
| how are varicoceles graded |
|
Definition
1 - only seen with valsalva
2 - palpable without valsalva
3 - visible when standing |
|
|
Term
| 5 causes of post-testicular infertility |
|
Definition
| absent vas deferens, epididymal obstruction, ejaculatory duct obstruction, erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| 4 types of ejaculatory dysfunction |
|
Definition
| premature, delayed, anorgasmia, retrograde |
|
|
Term
| what is retrograde ejaculation |
|
Definition
| sperm reflux into the bladder and are affected by the acidic urine |
|
|
Term
| 3 causes of retrograde ejaculation |
|
Definition
| MS, DM neuropathy, cord injury |
|
|
Term
| how is retrograde ejaculation diagnosed- 2 |
|
Definition
| ejaculate with urine in it, decreased semen <1mL |
|
|
Term
| how is retrograde ejaculation treated - 2 |
|
Definition
| antihistamines/ephedrine to close the bladder neck, IUI is best for infertility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what other lab value should be abnormal in azospermia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| testing that needs to be done if azospermia - 5 |
|
Definition
| Y chromosome for AZF, CF, testosterone, FSH, HPA imaging if hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism |
|
|
Term
| AZF is __% of men with azospermia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 types of tubal microsurgery repair |
|
Definition
| HSC catheterization, microsurgical resection |
|
|
Term
| method of tubal ligation BTA success in order |
|
Definition
| clips > bands > pomeroy > cauterization |
|
|
Term
| length a tube must be for BTA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| area of tube where ligation occured BTA success in order |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| # factor in success of BTA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| #1 infertility med for unexplained infertility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| #1 infertility med for PCOS, why -2 |
|
Definition
| letrazone - increases ovulation, increases live birth rate |
|
|
Term
| infertility med for hypogonadotrophic patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| infertility meds for non hypogognadotrophic patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| E2 antagonist, decreases E2 feedback which increases GNRH and thus FSH which causes follicle development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 50mg/d CD 5-9 can increase up to 200mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiples, hot flashes, headache, irritability, visual changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aromatase inhibitor decreases testosterone which decreases estrogen, lack of estrogen negative feedback causes increased GNRH and thus FSH which causes follicle development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| side effects letrazole - 9 |
|
Definition
| headache, hot flashes, mood swings, night sweats, osteoporosis, nausea, constipation, dizziness, fatigue |
|
|
Term
| contraindications to clomid - 3 |
|
Definition
| breast feeding, pregnancy, <18yo |
|
|
Term
| what are gonadotropins (the med) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| indications for gonadotropins - 3 |
|
Definition
| hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, PCOS, failed others 3-6C |
|
|
Term
| rate of OHSS in infertility tx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased hCG causes increased VEGF which causes vascular permability which causes extravascular fluid, hemoconcentration, and decreased end organ perfusion, all of this can cause VTE too |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| labs for moderate OHSS - 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HCT >51%, WBC >25, elevated LFT, CrCl <50, Cr >1.6, Na <135 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abdominal pain, distention, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| signs of moderate OHSS - 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clinical ascites, hydrothorax, dyspnea, oliguira, intractable N/V, hypotension, rapid weight gain, syncope, severe pain |
|
|
Term
| signs of critical OHSS - 6 |
|
Definition
| aneuria, arrhythmia, VTE, pericardical effusions, hydrothorax, ARDS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| risk in OHSS at all stages |
|
Definition
| torsion (high in ART, higher in OHSS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supportive, cabergoline to reverse VEGF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cancel cycle and withold gonadotrophins when indicated, freeze embryos, cabergoline PPX |
|
|
Term
| treatment of unexplained infertility |
|
Definition
| patient is ovulating on their own so OI/TI wont work, IUI alone was tried and it didnt work, best is OI/IUI, als decreased smoking, BMI, caffeine |
|
|
Term
| fecundity with OI/IUI in unexplained infertility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 - hCG 10d
2 - egg retrevial 30-36h post trigger shot
3 - progesterone for luteal support
4 - embryo transfer
5 - 10-11d take a pregnancy test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| male factor infertility, PGD, in vitro matured eggs, prior frozen eggs, surgical retrevied sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imprinting disorders - beckwith-weidman, angelman |
|
|
Term
| rate of beckwith weidman with ISCI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cause of becjwith weidman |
|
Definition
| increased with ISCI, CH 11 methylation error |
|
|
Term
| signs of beckwith weidman - 4 |
|
Definition
| macrosomia, microglossia, midline abdominal defects, embryonal carcinoma risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiples 30x, monozygotic twins increased, cardiac defects 1 to 3% (ASD/VSD most common), imprinting disorders, sex chromosome disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 types of sample collection for PGT |
|
Definition
| polar body, blastomere, blastocyst trophectoderm, FISH |
|
|
Term
| what is the best sample collection for PGT |
|
Definition
| blastocyst trophectoderm, 100s of cells |
|
|
Term
| why is blastomere sampling not the best collection for PGT |
|
Definition
| only samples one cell may not represent |
|
|
Term
| what is FISH PGT and its accuracy |
|
Definition
| specific chromosome probes, 60% accurate and does not improve live birth rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PGT-M monogenic - single gene disorders
PGT-SE - structiral rerangements (translocations, imprinting, disomy)
PGT-A aneuploidy - whole chromosome abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| how many times can someone donate sperm or eggs |
|
Definition
| 25 pregnancies allowed per donor per population of 800,000 |
|
|
Term
| requirements for a sperm donor - 8 |
|
Definition
| 17yo min ideally <40yo, psych assessment, determined rights/legal if known donor, full history, quarentine 6mo if annomynouos, negative STI testing, common mutation screening, education on FHX specific mutation screening |
|
|
Term
| if a sperm donor is educated on FHX specific mutation screening and declines what does the reciever of the sperm get to know |
|
Definition
| that that have a FHX increased risk of mutations and declined genetic testing |
|
|
Term
| complications of oocyte retrevial - 5 |
|
Definition
| inicreased ovarian cancer if >12C, anesthesia complications, surgical complications, PID, OHSS |
|
|
Term
| 6 forms of fertility preservation |
|
Definition
| oocyte cryopreservation, embryo cryopreservation, ovarian transplant, in-vitro maturation (experimental), ovarian tissue freezing (experimental), GNRH suppression |
|
|
Term
| which is better oocyte or embryo cryopreservation and why |
|
Definition
| embryo, oocytes have higher cytoplasm and dont thaw as well causing decreased implantation and pregnancy, improvements in slow thaw, virification, and cryoprotectant have improved it to almost the same as embryo though |
|
|
Term
| what is an ovarian transplant |
|
Definition
| moving ovary out of a radiotherapy field in cancer patient |
|
|
Term
| what is in-vitro maturation |
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Definition
| experimental, taking oocytes without stimulation to use after cancer treatment |
|
|
Term
| what is ovarian tissue freezing |
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Definition
| freezing part of the ovary and putting it back after cancer treatment |
|
|
Term
| what is the concern for ovarian tissue freezing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how well does GNRH suppression work for protecting the ovaries during cancer treatments |
|
Definition
| not very well, not increasing pregnancy rates, protects oocytes in pre-puberty better though |
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Term
| 4 types of stem cells which are promising for making embryos |
|
Definition
| hematopoetic/marrow strong bias not promising, embryonic (3 gem layers) promising, embryonal cancer (zygotes arrest) not promising, pluoripotent stem cells most promising |
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Term
| etihical issues with embryonic stem cells |
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Definition
| not their biologic offspring, embryo could parent multiple offspring |
|
|
Term
| concerns with embryonal stem cells |
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Definition
| arrest at 6-8 cells likley due to imprinting, cancer so could have mutations |
|
|
Term
| concerns for pluoripotent stem cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do pruoripotent stem cells work |
|
Definition
| retroviral introduction into genes of somatic cells |
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