Term
| What drugs Block cell wall synthesis by inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking? |
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Definition
Penicillin
Methicillin
Ampicillin
Piperacillin
Cephalosporins
Aztreonam
Imipenem |
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Term
| What drugs Block peptidoglycan synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What drugs block nucleotide synthesis? |
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Definition
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim |
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Term
| What drugs block DNA topisomerases? |
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Definition
Fluoroquinolones
ciprofloxacin
norfloxacin
levofloxacin
ofloxacin
sparfloxacin
moxifloxacin
gatifloxacin
enoxacin
nalidixic acid |
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Term
| What drug blocks mRNA synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What drugs block protein synthesis at 50S ribosomal subunit? |
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Definition
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Macrolides
Erythromycin, Axithromycin, Clarithromycin
Linezolid
Streptogramins
Quinupristin, Dalfopristin
Buy AT 30, CCEL at 50 |
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Term
| What Drugs block protein synthesis at 30S ribosomal subunit? |
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Definition
Aminoglycosides
Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin
Tetracyclines
Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Demeclocycline, Minocycline
Buy AT 30, CCEL at 50 |
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Term
What Drugs mechanism is:
1. Bind penicillin-binding proteins
2. Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan
3. Activate autolytic enzymes |
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Definition
Penicillin
Penicillin G - IV
Penicillin V - oral
Used for:
Mostly Gram + organisms
(without β-lactamases)
S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, Actinomyces
Syphilis |
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Term
What are the penicillinase-resistant penicillins?
What makes them resistant? |
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Definition
Methicillin
Nafcillin
Dicloxacillin
Resistant because of bulkier R group |
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Term
| What bugs are Ampicillin and Amoxicillin useful for? |
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Definition
Ampicillin and Amoxicillin
Extended-spectrum penicillin
H. influenzae
E. coli
Listeria monocytogenes
Proteus mirabilis
Salmonella
Shigella
Enterococci
ampicillin/amoxicillin HELPSS kill Enterococci |
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Term
| What penicillins work against Pseudomonas and G Negative Rods? |
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Definition
Ticarcillin
Carbenicillin
Piperacillin
penicillinase suseptible - use clavulanic acid
TCP: Takes Care of Pseudomonas |
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Term
What Bugs are covered by the Cephalosporins?
1st Generation
Cefazolin, cephalexin
2nd Generation
Cefoxitin, Cefaclor, Cefuroxime
3rd Generation
Ceftriaxone, Cefotasime, Ceftaxidime
4th Generation
Cefepime
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Definition
1st Generation
Cefazolin, cephalexin
Proteus mirabilis
E. coli
Klebsiella
PEcK
2nd Generation
Cefoxitin, Cefaclor, Cefuroxime
H. influenzae
Enterobacter aerogenes
Neisseria spp.
Proteus mirabilis
E. coli
Klebsiella pnumoniae
Serratia marcescens
HEN PEcKS
3rd Generation
Ceftriaxone - meningitis and gonorrhea
Ceftazidime - Pseudomonas
Cefotaxime
Serious G - infections resistant to β-lactams
4th Generation
Cefepime
↑ activity against Pseudomonas and gram-positive organsims
Organisms Not covered by cephalosporins are LAME:
Listeria
Atypicals (chlamydia, Mycoplasma)
MRSA
Enterococci |
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Term
| What drug can be used in place of penicillin for Gram-negative Rods? |
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Definition
Aztreonam
Monobactam resistant to β-lactamases
Inhibits cell wall synthesis |
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Term
| What drug used to treat G+ cocci, G- rods, and anaerobes must be administered with cliastatin to decrease inactivation of drug in renal tubules? |
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Definition
Imipenem
With imipenem, "the kill is Lastin' with Cilastatin"
Cliastatin - renal dehydropeptidase I inhibitor |
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Term
| What drug inhibits cell wall mucopeptide formation by binding D-ala D-ala protion of cell wall precursors? |
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Definition
Vancomycin
Gram Positive Only
S. aureus
enterococci
Clostridium difficile |
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Term
| What drug can cause "Red Man Syndrome"? |
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Definition
Vancomycin
Red Man Syndrome
Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Thrombophlebitis
Diffuse Flushing
Can be prevented by pretreatment with antihistamines and slow infusion rate |
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Term
What drugs inhibit formation of initiation complex, by binding 30S, and cause misreading of mRNA?
What bugs do they cover? |
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Definition
Aminoglycosides
Gentamicin
Neomycin
Amikacin
Tobramycin
Streptomycin
Toxicity:
Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Teratogen
"Mean" GNATS canNOT kill anaerobes
Clinical Use:
Severe G - infections
Neomycin for Bowel surgery
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Term
How can Aminoglycosides be inactivated?
Gentamicin
Neomycin
Amikacin
Tobramycin
Streptomycin |
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Definition
Transferase enzymes that inactivate the drug by:
Acetylation
Phosphorylation
Adenylation |
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Term
What drugs bind to 30S and prevent attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA?
What are they used for? |
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Definition
Tetracyclines
Tetracycline
Doxycycline
Demeclocycline
Minocycline
Clinical Use:
Borrelia burgdorferi
M. pneumoniae
Rickettsia
Chlamydia
Drug can accumulate intracellularly |
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Term
What Tetracycline can be used in patients with renal failure?
What shouldn't be taken with tetracyclines? why? |
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Definition
Doxycycline
fecally eliminated
Do not take with:
Milk
antacids
iron-containing preparations
Divalent cations inhibit its absorption in the gut |
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Term
| What tetracycline is an ADH antagoinst and can act as a diuretic in SIADH? |
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Definition
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Term
What drugs inhibit protein synthesis by binding the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit and blocking translocation?
What are they used for? |
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Definition
Macrolides
Erythromycin
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
Clinical Use:
Atypical pneumonias
(Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella)
URIs
STDs
Gram-positive cocci
Neisseria
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Term
| What Protein synthesis inhibitors can cause QT prolongation? |
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Definition
Macrolides
Erythromycin
(especially)
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin |
|
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Term
How does resistance develop to Macrolides?
Erythromycin
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin |
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Definition
| Methylation of 23S rRNA binding site |
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Term
| What drugs Block peptide bond formation at 50S ribosomal subunit? |
|
Definition
Chloramphenicol
(Meningitis)
Clindamycin
(anaerobic infections in aspiration pneumonia or lung abscesses) |
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Term
| What protein synthesis inhibitor can cause gray baby syndrome in premature infants? Why? |
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Definition
Chloramphenicol
Preterm infants lack liver UDP-glucuronyl transferase |
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Term
| What drug is inactivated by a plasmid-encoded acetyltransferase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What drugs treat anaerobic infections above the diaphragm? What treats anaerobes below the diaphragm? |
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Definition
Above the diaphragm
Clindamycin
Below the Diaphragm
Metronidazole |
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Term
| What drug is a PABA antimetabolite that inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase? |
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Definition
Sulfonamides
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX)
Sufisoxazole
Sulfadiazine |
|
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Term
At what point do Sufonamides and Trimethoprim inhibit THF synthesis?
PABA+Pteridine
↓
Dihydropteroid Acid
↓
Dihydrofolic acid
↓
Tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) |
|
Definition
PABA+Pteridine
Dihydropteroate synthetase ↓ X Sulfonamides
Dihydropteroid Acid
↓
Dihydrofolic acid
Dihydrofolate reductase ↓ X Trimethoprime
Tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) |
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Term
| What drug inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Toxicity symptoms of Trimethoprim can be alleviated by leucovorin rescue (supplemental folinic acid)? |
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Definition
Megaloblastic anemia
Leukopenia
Granulocytopenia |
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Term
What drugs inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II)?
What do they treat? |
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Definition
Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin
Norfloxacin
Levofloxacin
Oflosacin
Sparfloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Gatifloxacin
Enoxacin
Nalidixic acid (a quinolone)
Clinical Use:
Gram-negative rods of urinary and GI tracts
Psudomonas, Neisseria
|
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Term
| What drugs can cause Tendonitis and Tendon Rupture in adults and Leg cramps and myalgias in kids? |
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Definition
Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin
Norfloxacin
Levofloxacin
Oflosacin
Sparfloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Gatifloxacin
Enoxacin
Nalidixic acid (a quinolone) |
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Term
| What type of mutation can cause resistance to Fluoroquinolones? |
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Definition
| Chromosome-encoded mutation in DNA gyrase |
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Term
| What drug forms free radical toxic metabolites in bacterial cell that damage DNA? |
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Definition
Metronidazole
Clinical Use:
Giardia
Entamoeba
Trichomonas
Gardnerella vaginalis
Anaerobes
H. Pylori
GET GAP on the Metro! |
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Term
| What drugs cause a Disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol? |
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Definition
Cephalosporins
Metronidazole |
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Term
| What drugs are used for prophylaxis and treatement of M. tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
Prophylaxis:
Isoniazid
Treatment:
Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
RIPE for Treatment |
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Term
What drugs are used for prophylaxis and treatment of:
M. avium-intracellulare? |
|
Definition
Prophylaxis:
Azithromycin
Treatment:
Azithromycin
Rifampin
Ethambutol
Streptomycin |
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Term
| What drug decreases synthesis of mycolic acids? What is needed for its activation? |
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Definition
Isoniazid (INH)
Bacteria catalase-peroxidase needed to convert INH to active metabolite
Toxicity:
Neurotoxicity
Hepatotoxidity
Lupus
INH → Injures Neurons and Hepatocytes |
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Term
| What drug inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase? |
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Definition
Rifampin
Rifampin's 4 R's:
RNA polymerase inhibitor
Revs up microsomal P-450
Red/orange body fluids
Rapid resistance if used alone |
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Term
What drug used to treat TB blocks mycobacterial fatty acid synthase I to inhibit mycolic acid production?
|
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Definition
Pyrazinamide
Toxicity:
Hyperuricemia
Hepatotoxicity
|
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Term
| What TB drug blocks arabinosyltransferase, which decreases carbohydrate polymerization of mycobacterium cell wall? |
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Definition
Ethambutol
Toxicity:
Optic Neuropathy
(Red-green color blindness) |
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Term
What drugs are used in Antifungal Therapy?
Membrane Function
Cell wall synthesis
Ergosterol synthesis
Lanosterol synthesis
Nucleic acid synthesis |
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Definition
Membrane Function
Amphotericin B
Cell wall synthesis
Caspofungin
Ergosterol synthesis
Fluconazole
Itraconazole
Voriconazole
Lanosterol synthesis
Naftifine
Terbinafine
Nucleic acid synthesis
5-Fluorocytosine |
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Term
| What drug inhibts cell wall synthesis by inhibiting synthesis of β-glucan? |
|
Definition
Caspofungin
Clincal Use:
Invasive aspergillosis
Candida |
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Term
| What drug inhibits fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase? |
|
Definition
Terbinafine
Clincal Use:
Dermatophytoses
TerbinaFine used to treat Toes and Fingers |
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Term
| What fungal drug interferes with microtubule function and disrupts mitosis, also deposits in keratin-containing tissues? |
|
Definition
Griseofulvin
Toxicity:
Increases P-450 and Warfarin metabolism |
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Term
| What antiviral inhibits synthesis of guanine nucleotides by competitively inhibiting IMP dehydrogenase? |
|
Definition
Ribavirin
Clinical Use:
RSV
Chronic Hep C |
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Term
| What drug is monophosphorylated by HSV/VZV thymidine kinase, to inhibit viral DNA polymerase by chain termination? |
|
Definition
Acyclovir
Clinical Use:
HSV
VZV
EBV |
|
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Term
What drug does CMV viral kinase form into 5'monophosphate to inhibit viral DNA polymerase?
|
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What viral DNA polymerase inhibitor binds to pyrophosphate-binding site of the enzyme? |
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Definition
Foscarnet
Clinical Use:
CMV retinitis when ganciclovir fails |
|
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Term
| What DNA polymerase inhibitors DO NOT require phosphorylation by viral kinase? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What drugs prevent assembly of virions by preventing cleavage of the polypeptide products of HIV mRNA into their functional parts? |
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Definition
Protease Inhibitors
Lopinavir
Atazanavir
Darunavir
Fosamprenavir
Saquinavir
Ritonavir
Navir (never) TEASE a protease
|
|
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Term
| What HIV drugs competitively inhibit nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase and terminate the DNA chain? |
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Definition
NRTIs
Tenovovir
Emtricitabine
Abacavir
Lamivudine
Zidovudine
Didanosine
Stavudine
Phosphorylated by thymidine kinase to be active
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Term
What are the NNRTIs?
How do they differ from the NRTIs? |
|
Definition
Nevirapine
Efavirenz
Delavirdine
Bind reverse transcriptase at a site different from NRTIs.
Do not require phosphorylation to be active or compete with nucleotides |
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Term
| What drug inhibits HIV genome integration inot host cell chromosome by reversibly inhibiting HIV integrase? |
|
Definition
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