Term
|
Definition
| Immediate response, general defense against infection, no memory (Macrophages and Dendritic cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| takes longer, specific response to pathogens, memory cells produced (T & B cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Skin, part of first line of defense, mucus membrane, tears, sweat, skin bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high pH to get rid of bacteria/pathogens, saliva, tears, sweat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most abundant WBC, First responders, phagocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in blood, WBC, Releases histamine to cause inflation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| WBC, target parasitic infections, allergy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in tissues, releases histamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phagocyte, WBC, mobilize adaptive immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kill abnormal body cells and activate B cells (Cell mediated Immunity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Make protein anitbodies, produced in Red bone marrow, antibody mediated immunity |
|
|
Term
| 4 functions of lymphatic system |
|
Definition
Drainage (Absorb excess fluid)
Delivery (Absorb fat)
Disposal (Transport foreign material to lymph nodes)
Defense (helps defend body against pathogens) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one way valve system that carries fluid.
Capillaries(take up excess fluid)
Vessels(muscle compressions move fluid)
Thoracic/Right lymphatic duct two main "Highways" |
|
|
Term
| What does Lymph system produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vital Lymphatic organs (2) |
|
Definition
Red Bone marrow (B cell maturation)
Thymus (t cells multiply and mature, produce thymosin) |
|
|
Term
| Secondary lymphatic organs (4) |
|
Definition
Lymph Nodes (filteration)
Tonsils (Filter lymph)
Spleen (Filter blood)
Peyer's patch/appendix (pathogens in Intestines) |
|
|
Term
| 4 key players in 2nd line of defense |
|
Definition
phagocytic WBC
Complement protein
Inflammatory response
Fever (pos. feedback) |
|
|
Term
| Complement protein (2 pathways of destruction) |
|
Definition
1. Mark pathways for destruction, suicide mission
2. Form pores in wall of pathogen, cell bursts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cytokine releases/activates complement proteins
Histamine released
Macrophages respond to marked pathogens and eat them |
|
|
Term
| Four hallmark symptoms of inflammation |
|
Definition
redness/heat (increase blood flow/temp)
Swelling/pain (Excess fluid pressure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forced Inhalation + tidal vol + forced exhalation |
|
|
Term
| Four key features of Adaptive immunity |
|
Definition
Recognition of self vs. nonself
Specificity (B/T cells only make one type of antigen)
Diversity (need to recognize more than one pathogen)
Memory (reserve cells for future) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| label body cells as not pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cytotoxic T cells: Kill!
Helper T cells: release cytokines to promote b cell activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| act right away, undergo apoptosis when finished killing pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B & T cells divide after an interaction with a pathogen |
|
|
Term
| Antigen presenting cells (3) |
|
Definition
| Macrophages, B cells, Dendritic cells. |
|
|
Term
| Antigen presenting cells process |
|
Definition
| engulf cell, cut into peices, display marker, cell mediated immunity begins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Main antibody can cross plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abundant in tears, saliva, milk, mucus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 10 places to attach, 1st secreted during immune response, can be secreted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make holes in infected cell's membranes |
|
|
Term
| What causes rejection of tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make no immune system, prone to infection except in cornea/testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long lasting, natural infection (chickenpox) Vaccination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short lived, passed from mother to fetus/mother to infant/injections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibodies made in the lab by cells cloned from plasma B cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytokines activate B/T cells to treat disease, stops cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whole-body allergic response |
|
|
Term
| Steps leading to allergic response |
|
Definition
1.allergy enters body
2. B cells recognize/bind to
3. Helper T cells secrete cytokines
4. Clonal expansion of B cell
5. Effector B cell produce IgE
6. IgE attachs to mast cell
7. Mast cells release histamine and cytokine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rheumatoid arthritis
Type 1 diabetes (no insulin)
Systemic lupus (attacks whole body) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weakened or missing immune system |
|
|
Term
| severe combined immune deficiency |
|
Definition
inherited, T cells not developed properly, kills infants
Treatment: bone marrow transplant or gene therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| instructions in form of RNA not DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kills lymphocytes, macrophages, and Helper T cells, let in by accident because written into DNA |
|
|
Term
| Three things for AIDS patient |
|
Definition
1. HIV positive
2. severely compromised immune system
3. Indicator disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. how fast invades body
2. degree of damage
3. antibiotic resistance |
|
|
Term
| 4 ways a pathogen spreads |
|
Definition
1. Direct contact (body fluid)
2. Indirect contact (shower)
3. Inhaling pathogen
4. Contact with flies/ticks/fleas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease rates increase above predicted level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Epidemic breaks out over several countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Common cold, occurs more or less continuously |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nose-epiglottis-pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchus-bronchioles-aveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| throat; connects larynx and esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucus that covers lungs to allow it to glide over each other while lungs contract and relax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where gases diffuse between lungs and blood capillaries, provide large surface area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in alveoli, exchange of inhaled oxygen and CO2 |
|
|
Term
| What diffuses down a concentration gradient? |
|
Definition
| O2 and CO2, partial pressure gradient. Thin walls of aveoli allows this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when it binds in RBC to O2 it helps maintain the pressure gradient that draws air into lungs |
|
|
Term
| What maintains pressure gradient?? |
|
Definition
| Removing oxygen from the lungs!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue chronically short of oxygen, hyperventilation occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| active process of inhalation that brings air into the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passive process of exhalation that expels air from the lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
2. diaphragm flattens, rib cage moves up
3. air pressure in lungs decreases
4. air flows from outside in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
2. diaphragm moves upward
3. ribcage moves down
4. vol of thoracic cavity and lungs decrease
5. air pressure in lungs increases
6. air flows out of lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forcefully inhale-3100 mL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forcefully exhale-1200 mL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount left in lungs after forceful exhale, 1200 mL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inspiratory reserve vol + expiratory reserve vol + tidal vol= 4800 mL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cellular respiration (internal) |
|
Definition
| Gas exchange between systemic capillaries and tissue fluid (cells), use oxygen to make energy. Produces CO2 |
|
|
Term
| Whole body respiration (external) |
|
Definition
| exchange of gases with the atmosphere, occurs between pulmonary capillares and alveoli |
|
|
Term
| Cell respiration equation (buffer system) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| On surface of RBC, starts hemoglobin cellular respiration cycle |
|
|
Term
| Where does buffer system begin? |
|
Definition
| surface of RBC because thats where the enzyme is |
|
|
Term
| What carries the majority of CO2 in the blood plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls breathing from the brain, sends out nerve impulses to contract muscles |
|
|
Term
| What monitors CO2 concentration to control breathing? |
|
Definition
| Sensors from arteries monitor CO2, O2, and blood pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls pharynx & larynx, breathing, heart beat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| goes to and controls diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| what else control air flow and blood flow (2) |
|
Definition
1. diameter of bronchioles
2. Diameter of alveoli capillaries |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory disorders (4) |
|
Definition
Bronchitis
Emphysema
Asmtha
Apnea |
|
|
Term
| Pathogens/cancer in respiratory system (4) |
|
Definition
Pneumonia
Influenza
Tuberculosis
Histoplasmosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cancer in cells lining aveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most aggressive form of cancer |
|
|
Term
| Five major functions of digestive system |
|
Definition
1. mechanical processing and mobility
2. secretion
3. digestion
4. absorption
5. elimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mouth-pharynx-larynx-esophagus-stomach-small intestine-large intestine-rectum-anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| considered only when in mouth,uses mechanical ways of chewing to break down food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chewed mass of food in pharynx and esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soupy food mixture in stomach and small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poop in large intestine, rectum, anus |
|
|
Term
| where are carbs, lipids,nucleic acid, and proteins digested? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major components of digestion (8) |
|
Definition
| mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus |
|
|
Term
| Accessory organs of digestion (4) |
|
Definition
| salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
|
|
Term
| 4 layers of esophagus inside out |
|
Definition
1. Mucosa (epithelial tissue)
2. submucosa (connective tissue)
3. muscularis (smooth muscle)
4. Serosa (epithelial tissue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| begins in mouth, chewing (mastication), tongue helps for bolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mix food with saliva, starch digestion begins in mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| swallowing voluntary phase |
|
Definition
| beginning of food being swallowed until pharynx |
|
|
Term
| Involuntary phase of swallowing |
|
Definition
| once food in pharynx, epiglottis covers voice box food moves down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rhythmic contractions move food |
|
|
Term
| 3 major functions of stomach |
|
Definition
1. mix/store ingested food
2. produce secretion to break down food (protein digestion begins in stomach)
3. Controls food entering small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls food entering small intestine (valve) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very acidic, contains gastric juices and converts bolus into chyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of completion of digestion, digested food absorbed through large surface area of microvilli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| must go from food into lacteal into blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pancreas, liver, gall bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exocrine glands
endocrine glands
Pancreatic juice |
|
|
Term
| Exocrine gland in pancreas |
|
Definition
| secretes digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine gland in pancreas |
|
Definition
secretes hormones into blood
insulin (glucose to glycogen in liver)just ate
glucagon (glycogen to glucose)-no foo/sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme from stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detoxifies blood, makes/secretes bile, makes B cell (plasma) antibodies, stores vitamins and glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stores excess bile that allows fats to emysify into water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fats need to be coated in bile salt then lipase digests it and is absorbed into bood. |
|
|
Term
| Digestive carb enzymes (3) |
|
Definition
Salivary Amylase
Pancreatic Amylase
Maltase (makes small carbs into glucose) |
|
|
Term
| Digestive protein enzyme (3) |
|
Definition
Pepsin
Trypsin
Peptidases (make single amino acid) |
|
|
Term
| Digestive fat protein enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Digestive nucleic acid enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enzyme functions best in a neutral environment? |
|
Definition
| Salivary Amylase (produced in mouth) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of large intestine |
|
Definition
absorbs water and some vitamins
MAKES POOP |
|
|
Term
| Hormones that regulate digestion (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stomach, increases acid secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small intestine, stimulates gall bladder to release bile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small intestine, increases bicarbonate secretion by pancreas, slows contractions |
|
|
Term
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease |
|
Definition
chronic heartburn
chyme backs up in esophagus
limit acidic foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 parts of large intestine |
|
Definition
Ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the lining of large intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disturbance of smooth muscle contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
#2 diagnosed cancer, easily treated if caught early, high fat low fiber
If polyp visible could be cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lacks digestive enzymes, difficult to digest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of intestinal lining |
|
|
Term
| Diarrhea (2 microorganisms) |
|
Definition
Giardia intestinalis
E. Coli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peptic ulcers open sores in stomach leads to gastritis and stomach cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of blood sugar for 2 hours after eating. Spikes after simple sugars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not able to be produced by liver (8 amino acids essential) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic substance, needed for growth and survival |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
calcium
iodine
iron
potassium |
|
|
Term
| 3 antioxidant vitamins and purpose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lines blood vessels, lungs, gas exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lines glands and ovaries, filtration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stomach intestines uterus; absorbs nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Pseudo stratified columnar |
|
Definition
| throat, nasal passage, sinuses, trachea, sweeps mucus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Collagen(flexibility and support)
Reticular(very thing cartilage)
Elastic(elasticity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skin, mouth, throat (protection) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anchor of epithelial tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances released through ducts or tubes; sweat/mammary glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substance released directly into extracellular fluid, (hormone secretion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| able to stretch to allow for fluctuation in liquid, bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ground substance+protein fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strength/flex, nose, ends of long bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Under the skin, elastic, fibroblasts and fibroclasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Under skin/around organs, insulation, adipocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tendons (muscle to bone)
Ligaments (Bone to bone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dermis of skin, cushion at all angles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stringy, outer ear, elastic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| middle of bones in shafts, protection, matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport 02, fights infection, clots blood, Plasma matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lymph nodes, where WBC congregate, aid in fighting infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ends of long bones, protection, matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| striated and voluntary, muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonstriated and involuntary (stomach) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| striations and involuntary (heart) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries messages from PNS to CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Integrates data, CNS only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Motor output, CNS to PNS to muscle/gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows communication between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 90% of cells in nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brings nutrients to neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| engulfs bacteria and cell debris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form myelin sheath in CNS (insulation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form myelin sheath in PNS (insulation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Block leaks in tissues, urine remains in kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glue, allows skin to stretch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Channels that connect neighboring cells, interculated disks present, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secrete/absorb substances, lines tubes, ONE SHEET |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PAIRED SHEETS, secretes protection fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lines movable joint cavities, lubricates ends of bones, no friction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surround brain/spinal cord with cerebrospinal fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stomach, live, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stratified squamous
Keratinocyte (all dead cells)
Melanocyte (gives skin color)
Langerhan/Granstein (immune cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dense connective tissue, contains blood and nerve endings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not part of skin, fat, insulator/cushion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acne, blisters, cold sore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Basal:least likely to spread
Melanoma: most likely to spread |
|
|
Term
| Regulators of homeostasis |
|
Definition
Set point:Value required to maintain homeostasis
Sensory receptors:translates stimulus into a signal that can be sent to brain
Stimulus: specific change in environment
Integrator: brain
Effectors: muscle and gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Activity alters condition in internal environment and triggers response to reverse condition (normal body temp/HR/Blood pressure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chain of events intensify a change from the original condition to reverse the change. EX- birth contractions, blood platelet, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls body temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knee joints, strength and support, collegan to withstand stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protects body from injury and dehydration, receives sensory information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generates Blood pressure, regulates blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exchanges nutrients and waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collects excess extracellular fluid, returns fluid to CV system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thick wall that divides heart in half |
|
|
Term
| Chambers of heart (thick/thin) |
|
Definition
Atria (Thin)
Ventricles (thick) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one cycle of contractions and relation of heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Atrial systole (Contract)
2. Ventricular systole
3. Cardiac Diastole (relax) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lub- AV valves closing
Dup- semilunar valves closing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| every 60 sec, amount of blood pumped, 5 liters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RIGHT side of heart brings deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs (get O2) and bring back to heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LEFT side of heart takes OXYGENATED blood to entire body to deliver nutrients and rid of waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carries O2 rich blood to liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carries o2 to small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nutrient rich, oxygen poor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in cardiac muscle, communication junctions |
|
|
Term
| Sinoatrial node (SA node) |
|
Definition
| cardiac pacemaker of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid pressure that blood exerts against vessel walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Artery-arteriole-capillary bed-venule-vein |
|
|
Term
| Blood pressure (where highest and lowest) |
|
Definition
Highest: arteries (aorta)
Lowest: Vein (inferior vena cava) |
|
|
Term
| Blood flow (fastest to slowest) |
|
Definition
Fastest: Arteries
Slowest: Capillares, takes time for nutrients and wastes to exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Outer layer (Collagen)
Middle layer(smooth muscle)
Inner layer (simple squamous) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are capillaries always open? |
|
Definition
| No, only open during certain times like eating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
REGULATES FLOW OF BLOOD
smooth muscle,relaxes capillary=bed opens
Contracts=closes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monitors resting blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dilatation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| keeps blood pressure within normal limits if sudden change occurs, found in neck and aorta |
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Term
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Definition
| small branch of vein, receives O2 depleted blood and return to heart |
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Term
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Definition
| large diameter/low resistance, transports blood back to heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevents backflow of blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of bloo, hol about 70% of blood |
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Term
| CV disease/disorder risk factors |
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Definition
| Genetics, obese, age, lots of transfat |
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Term
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Definition
| cholesterol build up, LDL, HDL, transfat |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Ways to repair blockage in arteries |
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Definition
Coronary bypass
Aneurysm (Ballooning)
Laser angioplasty |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Ventricular fiibrillation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Rheumatic fever: infection of heart valves
Lyme disease
Myocardial: heart inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| Hole in heart, fixed with surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| Rarely the first sight of cancer, VERY RARE |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Erythrocyte (RBC)
Leukocyte (WBC)
Thombocyte (Platelet) |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood matrix, made in liver |
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Term
| 3 types of plasma protein |
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Definition
Albumin-Most abundant, osmotic pressure
Globulin-alpha, beta, gamma (WBC) (TRANSPORT HORMONES, CHOLESTEROL, COPPER
Fibrinogen- blood clotting |
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Term
|
Definition
| 120 days, most abundant, carry O2, CO2, H; contain hemoglobin, don't consume any O2 they carry |
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Term
|
Definition
High levels of )2
Relatively cool
pH neutral |
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Term
| How much o2 can hemoglobin carry? |
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Definition
| depends on amount of O2, Temp of tissue and pH of tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| from protein globin, contains iron |
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Term
| What do RBC loose to make room for hemoglobin? |
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Definition
| Nucleus and other organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone produced by kidney cells, helps stimulate RBC production, relies on negative feedback loop |
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Term
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Definition
Anemia: RBC don't deliver enough O2
Sickel cell: misformed
Thalassemia: Abnormal hemoglobin, fragile RBC |
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Term
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Definition
| WBC, can live for years, defense and clean up of tissues, circulates in tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| WBC- contains granules, basophil, neutrophil (abundant) Esoinophils |
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Term
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Definition
| Lacks granules, monocyte, SECOND MOST ABUNDANT WBC |
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Term
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Definition
| use phagocytes to eat pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| Help stop parasitic infection, small percentage of WBC |
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Term
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Definition
| Release histamine relate to allergic reaction |
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Term
| Lymphocytes (three types) |
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Definition
B lymphocyte- antibody mediated immunity
T Lymphocyte-cell mediated immunity
NK (natural killer)- destroy cancer cell |
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Term
|
Definition
Macrophages- Phagocyte in tissue/blood. eat big things
Dendritic- phagocyte in skin |
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Term
|
Definition
Infectious mono
Leukemia
HIV |
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Term
| How many geno/pheno types? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| foreign substance that triggers immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to antigen and removes it |
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Term
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Definition
| mixing of incompatible blood types |
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Term
| What happens when Rh- mom has Rh+ fetus? |
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Definition
| Hemolytic disease of the newborn |
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Term
| What drug stops Hemolytic disease of the newborn? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pre-donation of own blood before a surgery in case something goes wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| Live one week, made in red bone marrow, produce platelets, function in blood clotting |
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Term
|
Definition
prevents blood loss,
-injury to blood vessel
-spasm to vessel wall
-platelets come to site
Serotinin prolongs spasm
-clot forms
POSITIVE FEEDBACK |
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Term
|
Definition
Involves substance IN THE BLOOD, for little injuries like paper cuts
Factor X(catalyzes thrombin with fribrinogen)
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Release substance OUTSIDE THE BLOOD, a lot faster, for severe trauma |
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Term
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Definition
phagocyte comes to site
scab formed
No infection
Scab forms |
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Term
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Definition
Thrombus (blocks bloo flow)
Embolus (dislodged clot blocks blood flow) |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood doesnt clot properly |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| MRSA, poison blood, destroy RBC |
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Term
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Definition
| Metabolic poisons in the body, organ not working correctly. |
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Term
|
Definition
| catalyzes thrombin with fibrinogen |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine |
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Term
| Term associated with having one different nucleotide in DNA sequence |
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Definition
| single nucleotide polymorphism |
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Term
| What occurs in a restriction enzyme cut site they create |
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Definition
| Restricion fragment length polymorphism |
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Term
| Two factors that affect migration of DNA through agrose gel? |
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Definition
| Size of DNA, buffer, voltage, agrose concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that cuts dna at specific locations known as restriction sites |
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Term
| What is the special type of DNA sequence restriction enzymes recognize |
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Definition
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Term
| What restriction enzyme did we use? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| allow people to determine the approximate size of DNA fragments |
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Term
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Definition
| moves to positive side of gel, small fragments move faster |
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Term
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Definition
| alleles randomly separate and unite during fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Instruction for building protein, determine specific traits |
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Term
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Definition
| one gene of each pair (Gh) |
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Term
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Definition
| Pairs of alleles separated during gamete formation |
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Term
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Definition
| homologeous pairs of chomosomes, one from each parent (46 chromosomes) |
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Term
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Definition
| All living cells minus sex chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Segment of DNA in a chromosome (Codes for protein) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in prophase 1 of meiosis, homologous chromosome cross dna alleles with eachother between X and Y. Sorts genes into gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| M/F inherit same gene, only the genes appropriate for the persons gender are turned on. Ex: guys beard and girls breasts |
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Term
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Definition
G1: Cell growth
S: synthesis/DNA replication
G2: Organelles divide, preparation for mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes sort into two sets and the cytoplasm divides, one copy of each chromosome into two cells |
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Term
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Definition
| chromatin condense into chromosome, centrosome's move towards poles, nuclear membrane fragments and nucleolus disappears |
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Term
|
Definition
| nuclear envelope is gone, spindle microtubules attach to chromosomes at centrioles |
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Term
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Definition
| Duplicated chromosomes align midway between poles of the cell (equator) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sister chromatid splits, pulled towards pole region, spindles elongate (Opposite poles) |
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Term
| Telephase "Reverse prophase" |
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Definition
| Chromosome's are threadlike, nuclear envelope forms around each cluster, chromosomes de-condense into chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| Division of cytoplasm, begins towards end anaphase; Cleavage furrow (plasma membrane is pulled around cell and pinched to make two cells) |
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Term
| Parent cell contains 28 chromosomes and undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis the one daughter cell will contain how many chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| 28 parent cells unergo mitosis and cytokinesis then ____ daughter cells will be produced |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| two consecutive division of the chromosomes.2N to n for reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Separation of homolegous chromosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Separation of sister chromatid NO REPLICATION OR INTERPHASE |
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Term
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Definition
| Homologous chromosomes pair up and break at the same place, exchange of segments of DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| homologous chromosome condense, pair up, and swap segments, nuclear envelope breaks |
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Term
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Definition
| Homologous pairs align midway between spindle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| Homologous chromosomes separate and begin heading towards the spindle poles |
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Term
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Definition
| two clusters of chromosomes reach the spindle poles, new nuclear envelope forms so two haploid |
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Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope gone |
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Term
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Definition
| Still duplicated chromosomes are aligned midway between spindles |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sister chromatids separate, unduplicated chromosomes head to spindle poles. DISJUNCTION |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cluster of chromosomes reach each spindle pole, nucleaer envelope encloses to form 4 haploid cells |
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Term
| If a parent cell contains 28 chromosomes and undergo meiosis I and II then one daughter cell will contain....? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| If 28 parent cells undergo meiosis I and II then _____ daughter cells will be produced |
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Definition
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Term
| Two types of gamatogenesis |
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Definition
| Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Epithelium, connective, muscle, nervous |
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Term
|
Definition
Location: Outer surface of skin, small intestines
Main function: protection |
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Term
|
Definition
| External surface of lungs and heart, passive transport of fluids/gas |
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Term
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Definition
Location: Lines most digestive organs and small intestine
Function: Absorbs nutrients and produces mucus |
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Term
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Definition
Location: Skin, mouth, throat
Function: Protects against abrasion, drying out and infection |
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Term
| Psuedostratified columnar |
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Definition
Location: Throat, nose, trachea
Function: Sweep mucus and fluid across tissue surface
Contains CILIA |
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Term
|
Definition
Location: Urinary bladder
Function: Allows for change in volume |
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Term
|
Definition
Location: Simple Columnar
Purpose: Increase the surface area |
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Term
|
Definition
Location: Tendons and ligaments
Function: Strength and elasticity |
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Term
|
Definition
Location: Surrounds blood vessels and nerves
Function: Elasticity and diffusion |
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Term
|
Definition
Location: Bone Shafts, outer ends of bone
Function: Protection |
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Term
|
Definition
Fat tissue, under skin, around heart
Function: Energy reserve and insulation |
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Term
|
Definition
Found in bones of skeleton
Movement and support |
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Term
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Definition
Location: Ends of bones
Function: Reduces friction |
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Term
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Definition
Location: walls of blood vessels, bladder, digestive tract
Function: On going contractions in the stomach and digestion
Involuntary/non-striated |
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Term
|
Definition
Location: Muscles
Function: Movement/maintain posture
Volunarty/Striated |
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Term
|
Definition
Location: Heart muscles
Function: Pumps blood
Involuntary/striated |
|
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Term
| which connective tissues responsible to maintain Matrix? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two connective have the Lacunae? |
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Definition
Hole where chondrocyte (which maintains matrix) lives
Location: Bone and cartilage |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Haversian systems) form the basic structural unit of bone, contains nerve and blood supply |
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Term
| Leukocyte (granulated/nongranulated) |
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Definition
white blood cell
Granular: digest pathogens, basophil or neutrophil
Nongranular: immune response, lymphocyte or monocyte |
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Term
|
Definition
| in cardiac muscle and allows faster transmission |
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Term
| Two functions of nervous tissue |
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Definition
Conduct electrical impulses
Response to stimuli |
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Term
| name of functional unit of nervous tissue? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Part of neuron that receives? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Part of neuron that transmits? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which cell supports the neuron? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| dissecting, good for large molecules |
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|
Term
| Scanning Electron Microscope |
|
Definition
| makes objects 3-D, fine structures |
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|
Term
| Transmission Electron Microscope |
|
Definition
| Great detail, uses no light but electron vaccum |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| same measurement multiple times |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| how well data fits the line, the closer to one the better |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
smallest unit of life
all cells come from other cells |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| how substances move in/out of cell |
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Term
|
Definition
keeps DNA safe
nuclear envelope
nucleolus
DNA in cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
| site of protein synthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| modifies new polypeptide bond |
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Term
|
Definition
| Makes lipids/inactivates toxins |
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Term
|
Definition
passive
down concentration gradient
small/nonpolar |
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Term
|
Definition
h20 movement
due to tonicity |
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Term
|
Definition
facilitated diffusion
active transport |
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Term
|
Definition
high concentration to low concentration
enter/leave cell through channel |
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Term
|
Definition
against concentration gradient
uses ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
larger concentration inside cell than outside of cell.
If a cell is placed into a hypotonic solution, the water will flow into the cell causing it to swell and possibly lyse |
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Term
|
Definition
larger concentration outside cell than inside cell
If a cell is placed into a hypertonic solution, the water will flow out of the cell causing it to crenate |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
hypotonic
swells and explodes |
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Term
|
Definition
benedicts
pos: yellow
neg: no change |
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Term
|
Definition
Potassium Iodide
pos: black
neg: no change |
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Term
|
Definition
silver nitrate
pos: cloudy
neg: no change |
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