Term
| What elements compose the blood? |
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Definition
- Plasma
- Formed Elements: RBCs (erythrocytes), WBCs (leukocytes), and Platelets
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Term
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Definition
- pH: 7.35–7.45
- Body Temp: 38°C
- blood is about 8% of body weight
- Average volume: 5–6 L for males, and 4–5 L for females
- Blood Pressure: 120/80
- BPM: 40-60
- Breath rate: 12 to 20 breaths/min
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Term
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Definition
Percent of blood volume of RBCs
-about 42 for women
-about 47 for men |
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Term
What are the functions of the blood? |
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Definition
Distribution- transporting wastes and hormones
Regulation- body temperature
Protection- blood loss, infection |
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Term
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Definition
•90% water
•Proteins are mostly produced by the liver
•60% albumin
•36% globulins
•4% fibrinogen |
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Term
[image]
Name and Function of A? |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
Name and Function of B? |
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Definition
Erythrocytes- transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, contain hemoglobin |
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Term
[image]
Name and Function of C? |
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Definition
Monocyte (agranulocyte)-Phagocyte, develop into macrophages in tissues |
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Term
[image]
Name and Function of D? |
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Definition
Neutrophil (granulocyte)- Phagocytize bacteria |
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Term
[image]
Name and Function of E?
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Definition
Lymphocyte(agranulocyte)-mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies |
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Term
[image]
Name and Function on Left? |
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Definition
Neutrophil (granulocyte)- phagocytize bacteria |
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Term
[image]
Name and Function of Middle? |
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Definition
| Eosinophil- kill parasitic worms, complex roll in allergy and asthma |
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Term
[image]
Name and Function of Right? |
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Definition
| Basophil(agranulocyte)-releases histamine and other mediators of inflammation, heparin, anticoagulent |
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Term
What are hematoblastocytes? |
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Definition
hemapoetic stem cell
-give rise to formed cells, turn into some sort of blood cell
-hormones push cell towards a certain path of growth |
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Term
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Definition
Red blood cell production
-Erythropoietin- stimulus for erythropoesis
- •A hemocytoblast is transformed into a proerythroblast
- •Proerythroblasts develop into early erythroblasts
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Term
How does the body respond in states of hypoxia? |
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Definition
| EPO is released by the kidneys, which results in the production of RBCs |
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Term
| What is the name of the hormone involved in erythropoesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What dietary nutrients are necessary for erthropoesis? |
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Definition
| iron, amino acids, and B vitamins |
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Term
| What is the lifespan of a RBC? WBC? |
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Definition
RBC-100-120 days
WBC- about 30 days |
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Term
What is anemia?
Identifying Factors? |
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Definition
Anemia is a low oxygen carrying capacity
-fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, chills |
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Term
| What is sickle cell anemia? |
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Definition
| Defective gene that codes for abnormal hemoglobin, causes RBCs to become sickle-shaped, results in low oxygen carrying abillity |
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Term
What is polycythemia?
Causes? |
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Definition
Polycythemia- Excess RBCs, which results in high blood viscosity
Results from:
polycythemia vera- red bone marrow cancer
secondary Polycythemia- low oxygen available, more RBCs
blood doping-injection of RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
Leucopenia-abnormally low WBCs
Caused by various drugs |
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Term
| Triggers to stop bleeding? |
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Definition
•Direct injury
•Chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets
•Pain reflexes
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Term
Define thrombus?
embolus? |
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Definition
thrombus- blood clot at cite of injury
embolus-
broken off clot that ends up in blood stream |
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Term
Blood Type AB
Antigen present?
Antibodies in plasma?
Can Donate to?
Receive from? |
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Definition
Antigen- A and B
Antibodies-None
Donate to-None
Receive from- A, B, AB, and O |
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Term
Blood Type A
Anitgen present?
Antibodies in plasma?
Can Donate to?
Receive from? |
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Definition
Antigen-A
Antibodies in plasma- B
Can donate to- AB, and A
Receive from- A, O |
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Term
Blood Type B
Anitgen present?
Antibodies in plasma?
Can Donate to?
Receive from? |
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Definition
Antigen- B
Antibodies- A
Donate to- AB, and B
Receive- B, O |
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Term
Blood Type O
Anitgen present?
Antibodies in plasma?
Can Donate to?
Receive from? |
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Definition
Antigen- None
Anitbodies- A and B
Donate to- A, B, AB, and O
Receive from- O |
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Term
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Definition
•In the mediastinum between second rib and fifth intercostal space
•On the superior surface of diaphragm
•Two-thirds to the left of the midsternal line
•Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum |
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Term
[image]
A?
B?
C?
D?
E?
F? |
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Definition
A- fibrous pericardium
B-parietal layer, serous pericardium
C-Pericardial cavity
D- visceral layer, serous pericardium
E- myocardium
F-endocardium |
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Term
| Pathway of blood through the heart? |
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Definition
•Right atrium > tricuspid valve >right ventricle
•Right ventricle > pulmonary semilunar valve >pulmonary trunk > pulmonary arteries > lungs
•>pulmonary veins > left atrium
•Left atrium >bicuspid valve >left ventricle
•Left ventricle >aortic semilunar valve >aorta
•Aorta > systemic circulation
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Term
Differentiate between systemic and pulmonary circulation?
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Definition
Pulmonary-low pressure, excretion of carbon dioxide, takes blood to be oxygenated
Systemic-high pressure, blood transport to tissues of the body |
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Term
| What are the coronary vessels for? |
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Definition
| supply blood to heart muscle |
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Term
| What system controls the heart? |
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Definition
| The autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| What does an EKG measure? |
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Definition
| Electrical activity in the heart |
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Term
| Which sound is associated with which valves closing? |
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Definition
Lub(1st sound)- first sound occurs when AV valves close, beginning of sytole (contraction)
Dup (2nd sound)- second sound occurs when the semi-lunar valves close, beginning of diastole (relaxation) |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal heart sounds indicative of valve problems |
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Term
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Definition
| where to listen to aortic valve |
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Term
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Definition
| where to listen to pulmonary valve |
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Term
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Definition
where to listen for tricuspid valve
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Term
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Definition
| where to listen to mitral valve |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
•End diastolic volume (EDV): volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole
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Term
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Definition
•End systolic volume (ESV): volume of blood remaining in each ventricle
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Term
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Definition
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute
•CO = heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV)
•HR = number of beats per minute
•SV = volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
•Contractility: contractile strength at a given muscle length, independent of muscle stretch and EDV
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Term
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Definition
•Afterload: pressure that must be overcome for ventricles to eject blood
-pressure in arteries
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Term
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Definition
high blood pressure
Hypertension increases afterload, resulting in increased ESV and reduced SV
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Term
| What are negative and positive chronotropic factors? |
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Definition
•Positive chronotropic factors increase heart rate
•Negative chronotropic factors decrease heart rate
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Term
What are the sympathetic affects on the heart?
What neurotransmitter is associated?
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Definition
-Increse heart rate and force of contraction
-causes pacemaker to fire more rapidly
-norepinephrine |
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Term
What are the parasympathetic affects on the heart?
What neurotransmitter is associated? |
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Definition
-opposes sympathetic effects
-vagus nerve, decreases heart rate
acetylcholine hyperpolarizes pacemaker cells by opening K channels
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Term
What factors influence heart rate?
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Definition
| Age, Gender, Excercise, Body Temperature, Hormones, and Ion Concentrations (K and Ca) |
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Term
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Definition
Abnormally fast heart rate >100bpm
-can lead to fibrillation |
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Term
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Definition
slow heart rate <60bpm
can lead to low blood circulation
common in some athletes, cause of stronger hearts |
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Term
| What is congestive heart failure? |
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Definition
•Progressive condition where the CO is so low that blood circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs
•Caused by
•Coronary atherosclerosis
•Persistent high blood pressure
•Multiple myocardial infarcts
•Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
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Term
What is the ductus arteriosus in a fetus called?
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Definition
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Term
| What is the foramen ovale in a fetus called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosum do in the fetus? |
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Definition
•Foramen ovale connects the two atria
•Ductusarteriosus connects the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
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