Term
What is the function of Blood?
|
|
Definition
| Blood transports everything that must be carried from one place to another within the body – nutrients, hormones, wastes, respiratory gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide), and body heat through blood vessels |
|
|
Term
True or False?
Blood is the only fluid tissue in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the nonliving fluid portion of the blood. It functions as a solvent for carrying other substances, absorbs heat, clotting blood, and defense of anitbodies. |
|
|
Term
| Which body organ plays the main role in producing plasma proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
List the cell types making up the formed elements, and describe the major functions of each type.
|
|
Definition
| Erythrocytes are the red blood cells that function in carrying oxygen. They differ from other blood cells that they are anucleate (lack a nucleus). Leukocytes are the white blood cells that function in protecting the body against infection and disease. Platelets are cell fragments that help stop bleeding and clotting process. |
|
|
Term
What determines whether blood is bright red(scarlet) or dull red?
|
|
Definition
| The amount of oxygen it is carrying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They differ from other blood cells because they are anucleate (lack a nucleus). RBCs are “bags” of hemoglobin molecules (an iron-bearing protein) that transports the bulk of oxygen that is carried in the blood. It also binds with a small amount of carbon dioxide. When the number of RBCs increase, blood viscosity increases & when RBCs decrease, blood thins and flows more rapidly. The more hemoglobin molecules the RBCs contain, the more oxygen they will be able to carry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is an excessive or abnormal increase in the number or erythrocytes. It may result from bone marrow cancer or a normal physiologic(homeostatic) response to living at high altitudes, where the air is thinner and less oxygen is available. The major problem that results from excessive numbers of RBCs is increased blood viscosity, which causes blood to flow sluggishly in the body and impairs circulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood. |
|
|
Term
What is hemorrhagic anemia?
|
|
Definition
| It is caused by a decrease in RBC number ; results from sudden hemorrhage(losing blood) |
|
|
Term
What is hemolytic anemia?
|
|
Definition
| It is caused by decrease in RBC number ; results from lysis of RBCS – due to bacterial infections |
|
|
Term
What is pernicious anemia?
|
|
Definition
| It is caused by decrease in RBC number ; results from lack of vitamin B12(Usually due to lack of intrinsic factor required for absorption of vitamin. Intrinsic factor is formed by stomach mucosa cells) ; reliable food sources of B12 are shellfish, meat, fish, poultry, milk and dairy foods, & fortified cereals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is caused by decrease in RBC number ; results from depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, or certain medications |
|
|
Term
What is iron-deficiency anemia?
|
|
Definition
| It is caused by inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs ; results from lack of iron in diet or slow/prolonged bleeding(such as results from heavy menstrual flow or bleeding ulcer) which depletes iron reserves needed to make hemoglobin; RBCs are small and pale because they lack hemoglobin; common in females |
|
|
Term
| What is sickle-cell anemia? |
|
Definition
| It is caused by abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs ; results from genetic defect which leads to abnormal hemoglobin, which becomes sharp and sickle shaped under conditions of increased oxygen use by body; occurs mainly in people of African descent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leukemia means “white blood” and is where the bone marrow becomes cancerous, and huge numbers of WBCs are turned out rapidly. The WBCs are immature and incapable of carrying out their normal protective functions. Consequently, the body becomes susceptibleto disease and infection. Severe anemia and bleeding problems may result. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation) |
|
Definition
| It occurs in the red bone marrow, or myeloid tissue, which is found in the flat bones of the skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum, femur, and humerus. The formed elements arise from a common type of stem called called the hemocytoblast, which resides in the red bone marrow. The hemocytoblast forms types cells - the lymphoid stem cell which produces lymphocytes, and the myeloid stem cell which produces erythocytes, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and platelets. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the formation of red blood cells |
|
Definition
| RBCs are anucleate so they are unable to synthesize proteins, grow, or divide. They only transport oxygen. They live for 3-4 months and are disposed of by the spleen and liver. It's hormone controlled by erythropoietin which is produced by the kidneys. When blood levels of oxygen decline, the kidney releases erythropoietin. |
|
|
Term
| Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets |
|
Definition
| The formation of leukocytes and platelets is stimulated by hormones called thrombopoietin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(hem = blood , statis = standing still ) It is the stoppage of bleeding. It involves three major phases: vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, and coagulation. Vascular spasms occur and the response is vasoconstriction, which causes that blood vessel to go into spasms which decreases blood loss until clotting can occur. Then platelets become "sticky" and cling to the damaged site. As more platelets pile up, a small mass called a platelet plug, or white thrombus, forms. An enzyme called thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into fibrin. Fibrin forms a meshwork that traps the RBCs and forms the basis of the clot.
|
|
|
Term
| What are the two major disorders of hemostasis? |
|
Definition
| Undesirable clotting and bleeding disorders |
|
|
Term
What is undesirable clotting in hemostatis?
|
|
Definition
| A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel is called a thrombus. If it is large enough, it can prevent blood from flowing to the cells beyond the blockage. If a thrombus breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely, it becomes an embolus. An embolus isn't usually a problem unless is lodges in a blood vessel too narrow for it to pass through. Undesirable clotting may be caused by severe burns, physical blows, or an accumulation of fatty material. Blood pooling, or slowly flowing blood is another risk factor. Anticoagulants are aspirin, heparin, and dicumarol. |
|
|
Term
| What bleeding disorders occur from hemostasis? |
|
Definition
| Thrombocytopenia and Hemophilia |
|
|
Term
| What is thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
| The most common causes of abnormal bleeding are platelet deficiency, thrombocytopenia, which results from an insufficient number of circulating platelets from an impaired liver function or certain genetic conditions. It is treated with vitamin K supplements (kale, spinach, brussel sprouts) or if the liver function is severely impaired, transfusions of concentrated platelets are needed which provides temporary relief from bleeding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemophilia occurs from hereditary bleeding disorders that result from a lack of any of the factors needed for clotting. Hemophiliacs are given a transfusion of plasma or injections of the clotting factor they lack. Some hemophiliacs have become the victims of hepatitis and AIDS because of these therapies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antigens are substances foreign to the body which activates and is attacked by the immune system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They are proteins released by immune cells that binds with a specific antigen and inactivates it in some way. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
They are based on which antigen A or type B, a person inherits. Absence of both = type O, presence of both = type AB, the presence of A or B yield type A or B blood. During infancy, antibodies from against the antigens not present on your own RBCs.
Type O is most common, least common is AB. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most Americans are Rh+ meaning that their RBCs carry the Rh antigen. Rh- people do not have preformed antibodies to Rh+ RBCs but form them once exposed to Rh+ blood. Incompatibility occurs in pregnant Rh- women who are carrying Rh+ babies. Her anti-Rh+ antibodies unless treated with RhoGAM, will destroy the baby's RBCs which will cause the baby to anemic and becomes hypoxic and cyanotic. |
|
|
Term
| Desccribe the production process of RBCs when there is oxygen depletion. |
|
Definition
| The RBCs are produced quicker and in more abundance. Since there is low oxygen, the kidney will produce more erythopoietin. |
|
|
