Term
| What are the 6 functions of blood? |
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Definition
A. Delivery of nutrients and oxygen to tissues and cells
B. Removal of carbon dioxide and wastes from tissues and cells
C. Transport of cells and humoral agents necessary to battle infection
D. Transport of hormones
E. Thermoregulation
F. Maintain acid-base balance |
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Term
| What are the 2 major components of blood? |
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Definition
1) Formed elements
2) Plasma
3) Other stuff |
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Term
| What are the formed elements of blood? |
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Definition
1) 45%
2) Erythrocytes
3) Leukocytes
4) Platelets |
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Term
| What does plasma consist of? |
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Definition
1) liquid intracellular matrix ~55%
2) Water ~90%
3) Proteins ~7-8% |
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Term
| What are the proteins of plasma? |
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Definition
1) Albumin
2) Globulins
3) Fibrinogen |
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Term
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Definition
1) ~50%
2) Made in liver
3) Carrier protein
- binds and transports hormones, drugs, BR,
4) Colloid osmotic pressure
- maintains correct proportion of blood to tissue fluid volume |
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Term
| What are the "other stuff" in blood? |
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Definition
1. Electrolytes
2. Nutrients
3. Wastes
4. Gases
5. Regulatory substances |
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Term
| What are pluripotent stem cells? |
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Definition
1) differentiate into ALL blood cell lines
2) Self renewal |
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Term
| Types of pluripotent stem cells |
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Definition
1) Multipotent colony forming units
2) Restricted colony forming units |
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Term
| What are CFU-E? CFU-GM? CFU-MK? |
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Definition
1) RBC's
2) Granulocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
3) Megakaryocytes
- platelets |
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Term
| What are lymphoid stem cells? |
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Definition
1) B cells
- plasma cells
2) T cells |
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Term
| What gives RBC it's shape and FLEXIBILITY? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 skeletal proteins of an RBC? |
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Definition
1) Spectrin
2) Actin
3) Protein 4.1
4) Ankyrin |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Major RBC skeletal protein
2) Consists of 2 intertwined polypeptide chains |
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Term
| What is the function of actin in an RBC? |
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Definition
| 1) Connects spectrin dimers together |
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Term
| What do ankyrin and protein 4.1 do in an RBC? |
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Definition
| 1) Hook the network to the inside of the plasma membrane |
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Term
| What else does Protein 4.1 do? |
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Definition
| 1) connects spectrin to the membrane protein glycophorin A |
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Term
| Describe structure of Hemoglobin |
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Definition
1) 2 pairs of polypeptide chains
2) 2 alpha chains & 2 beta chains
3) 4 prosthetic heme groups
- each contains one Fe atom
- each group located in pocket of one of the pp chains |
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Term
| What is the function of Hemoglobin (Hb)? |
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Definition
1) Reversibly binds with one molecule of O2 or CO2
2) Lots of genetic variations leading to disease |
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Term
| What is the order of production of an RBC (erythrocyte)? |
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Definition
1) Erythroblast (pronormoblast, rubriblast)
2) Basophilic Erythroblast (prorubricyte)
3) Polychromatophilic erythroblast (polychromatophilic normoblast, rubricyte)
4) Orthochromatophilic erythroblast (orthochromic normoblast)
5) Polychromatophilic erythroblast (Reticulocyte)
6) Mature RBC |
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Term
| Do reticulocytes have a nucleus? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long do younger reticulocytes remain in bone marrow before being release to peripheral circulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the color and shape of a reticulocyte |
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Definition
1) Larger
2) Bluer
3) less likely to show evidence of central pallor than those in normal pap smear
4) Tendency to stick together
5) Bluish cast of cytoplasma is due to few remaining ribosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
1) 6-8 microns
2) Disc shaped
3) 1/3 central pallor
4) No organelles
5) 120 days
- in circulation for this long
6) Remain in remarkable homeostasis
7) Erythropoietin regulates RBC production |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Microcytosis - shrinking
2) Macrocytosis - increase in cell size
3) Anisocytosis - variability in size
4) Polychromasia - bluish tint
- due to few ribosomes left in young RBC's
5) Hypochromasia - > 1/3 central pallor
6) Dimorphism - 2 distinct pop. of cells
7) Fe deficiency Anemia - hypochromic, microcytotic anemia
8) Poikilocytosis - change in shape
9) RBC inclusions (not on test) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Variability in size of RBC |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Bluish tint due to few ribosomes left in young RBC |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What is Fe deficiency anemia? |
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Definition
| Hypochromic, microcytotic anemia |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 categories of WBC's? |
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Definition
1) Granulocytes
2) Agranulocytes |
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Term
| What are the types of Granulocytes? |
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Definition
1) Neutrophils
2) Eosinophils
3) Basophils |
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Term
| What are the types of Agranulocytes? |
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Definition
1) Monocytes
2) Lymphocytes |
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Term
| What are general granulocyte characteristics? |
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Definition
1) Primary granules
2) Secondary granules
3) Staining |
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Term
| What are primary granules? |
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Definition
1) Nonspecific, azurophilic
2) All immature granulocytes |
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Term
| What are secondary granules? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1) Neutrophilic
2) Eosinophilic
3) Basophilic |
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Term
| What is the primary role of Neutrophils? |
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Definition
| Major role in inflammatory process |
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Term
| What are the primary granules of Neutrophils? |
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Definition
| Lysosomes (peroxidase, lysosomal enzymes) |
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Term
| Describe secondary granules of Neutrophils |
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Definition
1) Smaller
2) more numerous
3) contain bacteriostatic/bacteriocidal agents
- lysozyme
- alkaline phosphatase |
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|
Term
| Describe motility of Neutrophils |
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Definition
1) motile
2) circulation - tissues
3) pseudopods |
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Term
| Are Neutrophils phagocytotic? |
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Definition
Yes
1) secondary granules fuse with phagosome membranes
2) primary granules fuse with phagosome-secondary-granule complex |
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Term
| What are the 6 stages of Neutrophil production? |
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Definition
1) Myeloblast
2) Promyelocyte
3) Neutrophilic myelocyte
4) Neutrophilic metamyelocyte
5) Neutrophilic band
6) Mature neutrophil |
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Term
|
Definition
| No granules, 1st stage of Neutrophil production |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Contains large, irregularly shaped purple granules
- primary, non-specific or azurophilic granules |
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Term
| What is a Neutrophilic myelocyte? |
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Definition
1) Secondary granules (specific granules)
- very tiny, limits of resolving ability of microscopes
2) "Dawn of neutrophilia" |
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Term
| What is a Neutrophilic metamyelocyte? |
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Definition
| Indentation is less than 1/2 the theoretical round nucleus |
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Term
| What is a mature neutrophil? |
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Definition
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Term
| Production of Eosinophils |
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Definition
| Same as Neutrophils with Eosinophilic name switch |
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Term
| What is a mature Eosinophil? |
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Definition
1) ~ same size as neutrophil
2) Bilobed nucleus
3) azurophilic granules
- bright pink
- lysosomes
4) Specific granules |
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Term
| Describe the specific granules of an Eosinophil |
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Definition
1) Crystalloid body (seen on EM)
- 4 major proteins
2) Major basic protein
- Arginine rich
- accounts for acidophilia
3) Histaminase
- neutralizes histamine
4) Arsulfutase
- neutralizes slow reacting substance (SRS) |
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Term
| What are the functions of Eosinophils? |
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Definition
1) Modifies vasoactive agents
2) Phagocytosis of Ab-Ag complexes
3) Allergies, parasitic infections
4) Lamina propria in intestinal and other sites of potential chronic infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| Same as nphils and ephils, sub name |
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Term
|
Definition
| ~ same size of neutrophils |
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Term
| How numerous are basophils? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the nucleus of a basophil |
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Definition
| Lobulated nucleus often obscured by large basophilic granules |
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Term
| What type of granules are in a basophil? |
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Definition
Azurophilic
- Lysosomes w/ hydrolytic enzymes |
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Term
| Describe the specific granules of a basophil |
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Definition
1) Myelin figures (EM)
2) Heparan sulfate
- related to heparin found in mast cells
3) Vasodilators
- Histamine
- SRS of anaphylaxis |
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|
Term
| What are basophils functionally related to? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of basophils? |
|
Definition
1) Bind IgE
2) On subsequent exposure to allergen releases vasoreactive agents
- anaphylaxis !!! |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1) small size (10 um)
2) 90% of lymphocytes
3) very little cytoplasm
4) smudged nucleus
5) medium and large also
6) can resemble monocytes
7) indented by other cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
T cells
- long life span
- cell mediated immunity
1) Cytotoxic T cells
- recognize cells w/ foreign Ag
- create holes in PM
- lyse
2) Helper T cells
- Assist B cells/Macrophages in response to Ag
- recognize foreign Ag's presented by macrophages
- secrete lymphokines that stimulate other cells (B cells, etc) to participate in immune response
B cells
- variable life span, produce Ab's |
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Term
|
Definition
1) largest WBC in peripheral smear (15-20 um)
2) Chromatin pattern lacy
3) Irregular/blebbed cytoplasmic border
4) "Pushy cells"
5) morphologically diverse
6) Nucleus round/oval
- horse-shoe, convoluted |
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Term
| What are platelets derived from? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Do platelets follow the "larger to smaller" maturity rule? |
|
Definition
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Term
| How do Megakaryocytes form? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1) Nuclear division occurs w/out corresponding cytoplasmic division
2) Under stimulation of thrombopoietin, ploidy increases from 8n to 64n before chromosomal replication ceases
3) Both nucleus and cytoplasm increase in size and proportion to the ploidy of the cell |
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Term
| What are platelet demarcation channels? |
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Definition
1) Special compartments in the cytoplasm of megakaryoctyes that house the platelets
2) The membrane of the channels arise by invagination of the plasma membrane |
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Term
| What is a platelet peripheral zone? |
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Definition
1) Consists of the cell membranes covered by a thick surface coat of glycocalyx
2) Glycocalyx
3) Glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, coagulation factors
4) Function as receptors in platelet function |
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Term
| What is the platelet structural zone? |
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Definition
1) MT's, actin filament, myosin, actin-binding proteins
2) Form a network of supporting plasma membrane
3) 8-24 bundle of MT's reside below the actin filament
4) responsible for platelet disc shaped |
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Term
| What is the platelet organelle zone? |
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Definition
1) mitochondria
2) Peroxisomes
3) glycogen particles
4) granules
5) platelet aggregation and adhesion, blood coagulation, lysosomal function |
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Term
| What is the platelet membrane zone? |
|
Definition
1) Open Canalicular System (OCS)
- developmental remnant of platelet demarcation channel
- invaginations into the cytoplasm from the plasma membrane
2) Dense Tubular System (DTS)
- Storage site of Ca ions
- originates from megakaryocyte rER
- do not connect with platelet surface |
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Term
| What does bone marrow consist of? |
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Definition
1) Blood vessels
2) sinuses
3) specialized BV's (b/t arteries and veins)
4) sim. squam. endothelial lining of sinus wall, basal lamina, outer adventitial cell layer
5) sponge-like network of hemopoietic cells |
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Term
| Describe entering the sinus of bone marrow |
|
Definition
1) PM of migrating blood cell or platelet fuses with luminal PM, forming an opening
2) the migrating cell "squeezes" through opening into lumen
3) Opening lined by fused PM, maintaining integrity of endothelial cell
4) After passage, endothelial cell repairs itself and the aperture closes |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Volume of RBC's packed in a sample
2) Centrifuge blood with anticoagulant
3) Measure % of RBC in tube compared to whole blood
4) HCT values
- Men 41.5% to 50.4%
- Women 35.9% to 44.6%
5) Hemoglobin
- Men 14.0 to 17.5 g/dL
- Women 12.3 to 15.3 g/dL |
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|
Term
| What is a peripheral smear? |
|
Definition
1) EDTA
2) make slides within 2 hours
3) wedge smear technique
4) dry slides
5) stain
6) differential count
- count 100-200 cells, report as %
- zig zag pattern
7) Shift to the left
- Increased bands and less mature neutrophils as well as lower average number of lobes in segmented cells
- bacterial infections |
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