Term
| Define Total peripheral resistance |
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Definition
| It is the total resistance to flow in systemic blood vessels from beginning of aorta to ends of venia cava |
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Term
| How does the total peripheral resistance influence arterial blood pressure? |
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Definition
| Mean arterial pressure is equal to cardiac output time the total peripheral resistance. |
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Term
| How is total peripheral resistance related to cardiac output? |
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Definition
| It functions with cardiac output to control presssure. less resistance and less blood is less pressure but all of these can be different and will thus, affect one another |
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Term
| What are the autonomic effects on blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac output? |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic: decreases blood pressure, decreases cardiac output and decreases heart rate. |
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Term
| What structure of the circulatory system is largely responsible for vascular resistance? |
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Definition
| Medullary cardiovascular center is the primary integrating center for the baroreceptor |
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Term
| What influences the activity of the medullary cardiovascular center? |
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Definition
| The baroreceptors send input to the neurons which deetermines action potential frequency. Increases arterial barareceptors will decrease sympathethic outflow and increase parasympathetic which would leadd to decreased HR, decreased contraction and decreased arteriole and venous constriction. |
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Term
| What mechanism controls blood pressure over the short term? |
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Definition
| Baroreceptors reflux functions primary as short term regulator of arterial blood pressure through activation by BP change and restores BP rapidly toward normal. |
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Term
| What mechanism controls blood pressure over the long term? |
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Definition
| Long term regulation occures through blood volume which influences venous pressure and retrun, end- diastolic volume, SV and CO. Increase volum increases pressure. |
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Term
| The vascular system is controlled by what divisions of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
| Vagus neurons: increased parasympathetic outflow to heart correlates with increased arterial pressure and increased firing of baroreceptors. pressure receptors called baroreceptors. |
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Term
| How do changes in heart rate, preload, and afterload affect cardiac output and myocardial oxygen consuption? |
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Definition
| INcreased heart rate will increase cardiac output and myocardial oxygen consuption. INcreeased stroke volume will also increase cardiac output and preload and afterload are factors that influence stroke volume. |
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Term
| How does the isometric pressure line shift during a positive intropic response? |
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Definition
| It will shift the line upwards |
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Term
| What causes the isometric pressure line shift to shift upward? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic regulation via epinephrine causes as well as an accumulation of intracellular calcium are part of the factors that regulate intropic responses. |
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Term
| Define Starlings Law of the heart. |
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Definition
| The relationship between stroke volume and end-diastolic volume such that stroke volume increases as end-diastolic volume increases. It is caused by a length-tension relationship- the greater the stretch, the more forceful the contraction. this effect maxes out at optimal length. |
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Term
| Define circulatory system. |
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Definition
| The heart and system of vessels that deliver blood to all parts of the body |
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Term
| Define cardiovascular system. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| percentage of total blood volume occupied by blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The solid phase of blood, including cells (RBC and WBC) and cell fragments (Platelets) |
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Term
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Definition
| Liquid protion of blood, component of extracellular fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| blood plasma from which fibrinogen and other clotting proteins have been removed as result of clotting. |
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Term
| What are the three major plasma protein classes and name the functions of each. |
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Definition
Albumins- most abundant, osmotic pressure of plasma, transport of lipophilic solutes.
Globulins- importan, transport of lipids, vitamins ADEK, sex hormones, dietary lipids, immunity and defense
Fibrinogen- blood clotting. |
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Term
| What are the major functions of the erythrocytes? |
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Definition
| Carry oxygen through hemoglobin and ccarry carbon dioxide using carbonic anhydrase |
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Term
| How is the production of erythrocytes regulated? |
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Definition
| It is regulated by negative feedback system with hematopoietic growth factors involved and erythropoietin as major control. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage before erythrocytes where some nucleus and ER remains. Alot of this stuff is a sign of something wrong. |
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Term
| What are the general sources and functions of the leukocytes? |
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Definition
| Leukocytes produced by bone marrow, lymph nodes, and tissues. Functions are: phagocytosis, immunity, and chemicals causing fever, aches and pains. |
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Term
| What are the general sources and functions of platelets? |
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Definition
| Platelets are from red bone marrow nad function in hemostasis. |
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Term
| What circulating formed elements are produced exclusively in bone marrow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the immediate response of blood vessels to damage (not clotting). |
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Definition
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Term
| What vascular reaction is thought to be adequate to stop the mildest, most minor degrees of bleeding? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the end product of blood coagulation? |
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Definition
| Fibrin is the end product. |
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Term
| What is the precursor to blood coagulation? |
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Definition
| Fibrinogen is the precursor |
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Term
| What catalyzes blood coagulation formation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the source of the catalyst in blood coagulation? |
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Definition
| The source of thrombin is prothrombin, activated by active factor X from damaged tissue |
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Term
| By what name is clotting factor III more commonly known and what is its source? |
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Definition
| Tissue factor or tissue thromboplastin and its source is from damaged tissue. |
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Term
| What are the two major sources of the clotting factors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin is uniquely necessary for the clotting factors? |
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Definition
| Vitamin K: required by liver to produce prothrombin and several other clotting factors. |
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Term
| What is the function of prostacyclin (PGI2) and the source? |
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Definition
| From undamaged endothelial cells and contributes toward thrombolysis |
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Term
| What is the function of van Wilebrand Factor and its source? |
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Definition
| IT is secreted by endothelial cells and platelets and contributes toward hemostasis |
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Term
| What is the function of nitric oxide and what is the source? |
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Definition
| It is from endothelial cells release and its function is it contributes towards thrombolysis |
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Term
| What is the function and source of thromboxane A2 in hemostasis? |
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Definition
| From arachidonic acid in platelet plasma membrane and contributes to further stimulate platelet aggregation and release of their secretory vesicle contents. |
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Term
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Definition
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