Term
| 5 qualities a candidate neurotransmitter must have |
|
Definition
1. be present inside the presynaptic neuron
2. have the same action as stimulating the presynaptic neuron
3. be released from the presynaptic nerve
4. be synthesized by the presynaptic neuron
5. the action of the neurotransmitter should be terminated quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmits a signal from one neuron to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modulates & changes behavior |
|
|
Term
| Must a ligand be either a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| four general classes of neurotransmitters/neuromodulators |
|
Definition
type 1: "classical" neurotransmitters
type 2: amino acids
type 3: peptide neurotransmitters
type 4: gaseous neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| "classical" neurotransmitters: 3 examples |
|
Definition
| ACh, GABA, catecholamines |
|
|
Term
| "classical" neurotransmitters: molecule size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "classical" neurotransmitters: charged or uncharged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "classical" neurotransmitters: uniquely synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "classical" neurotransmitters: in vesicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amino acids: molecule size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amino acids: charged or uncharged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amino acids: uniquely synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amino acids: in vesicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peptide neurotransmitters: general number of amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peptide neurotransmitters: molecule size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peptide neurotransmitters: charged or uncharged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peptide neurotransmitters: uniquely synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peptide neurotransmitters: in vesicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acetylcholine synthesis process |
|
Definition
| choline + acetyl-CoA <-- (via ChAT) --> ACh |
|
|
Term
| 2 qualities of the HACU (high affinity choline uptake) transporter? |
|
Definition
1. high-affinity for choline
2. low-efficiency |
|
|
Term
| 3 steps to make acetyl choline in the presynaptic nerve terminal |
|
Definition
1. choline & sodium ions in via the HACU transporter
2. choline & acetyl-CoA come together on ChAT
3. ACh is produced |
|
|
Term
| Where is acetyl-CoA made? |
|
Definition
| inside cell in mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| Is ChAT linked closely with HACU? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ will usually dictate how much of a neurotransmitter will be made in that neuron; it is typically the rate limiting step in the transmitter synthesis |
|
Definition
| the first unique enzyme (or transporter) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can ACh move through the membrane? |
|
Definition
| no! (it is a positively charged molecule) |
|
|
Term
| How many transporters are needed to package ACh into vesicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 transporters on the vesicle required to get ACh in |
|
Definition
1. ATP-dependent ATPase
2. VAChT |
|
|
Term
| 3 ways ACh concentration is regulated |
|
Definition
1. ACh inhibits ChAT (stops synthesis of ACh)
2. availability of choline (if it isn't present, ACh can't be made)
3. more action potentials --> more HACU transporters (more ACh can be made) |
|
|
Term
| 2 ways ACh response is terminated |
|
Definition
1. AChE (acetylcholinesterase) (breaks up ACh in the synapse)
2. extracellular matrix in the synapse (complex of proteins that keep ACh in the synapse so they don't float away into the CSF) |
|
|
Term
| Which pesticides are linked with insecticide-induced cholinergic syndrome? |
|
Definition
| organophosphate (OP) insecticides |
|
|
Term
| 5 main symptoms of cholinergic syndrome |
|
Definition
1. problems with respiration
2. problems with heart rate
3. problems with muscles (ex. muscle twitches, cramps, weakness)
4. confusion
5. impaired memory |
|
|
Term
| 2 main delayed effects of cholinergic syndrome |
|
Definition
1. degeneration of axon (causes muscle weakness, numbness/"pins-and-needles" feelings, paralysis of limbs
2. break down presynaptic terminals |
|
|
Term
| 2 pharmacological treatments for cholinergic syndrome |
|
Definition
1. muscarinic antagonists (ex. atrophine)
2. AChE reactivator |
|
|
Term
| Where does ACh go in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diffuse ACh projections go mainly to the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACh acts more in a _____ fashion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 main effects of ACh in the forebrain |
|
Definition
1. memory
2. cognition
3. learning |
|
|
Term
| ACh acts in a ______ role in the forebrain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blocking presynaptic receptors where ACh acts as a neuromodulator --> ? |
|
Definition
| loss of ability to create new memories (in normal people) |
|
|
Term
| How is the ChAT/HACU ACh pathway across synapse presynaptic to postsynaptic affected in AD patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 phases of drug development |
|
Definition
1. preclinical
2. phase 1
3. phase 2 - on patients
4. phase 3 (farthest step for all drugs except cholinergic ones)
5. phase 4- can actually get approved by the FDA (farthest step for cholinergic ones) |
|
|
Term
| What are the only drugs that have been able to treat people with AD symptoms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Alzheimer's, clumps of ______ proteins clog up brain & poison cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alzheimer's drugs aim to destroy _____ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The antibody _____ reduces alpha beta plaques in Alzheimer's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
