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| chemical signals produced by the cell and influences the activity of the cell itself |
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| chemical signals produced by a cell and diffuses in the surrounding area and act on the cells near by. Somatostatin which regulates the secretion of insulin and glucagon is an example of this |
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| Name the two essential endocrine glands in the body |
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| these types of hormones can never be given orally as they get digested in the intetine |
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| the hormones which are essential for the regulation of growth and secretion of some other endocrine glands are known as ___ hormones |
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| All of the tropic hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Name them |
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| the tropic hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland is under the influence of ___ hormones secreted by the hypothalamus |
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| Steroid hormones can enter the cell through the cell membrane and bind to the receptors present in the cytoplasm of the nucleus. This increases the formation of mRMA by a process known as ___ and helps for synthesizing new proteins |
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| which hormone binds specifically to the receptors present on the nucleus |
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| this is brought about when almost all the receptors are occupied by the hormone and there will be almost no receptors available for binding |
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| this occurs when the hormone is not available for binding with the receptors. In this situation most of the receptors are free to bind with the hormones |
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| negative feedback regulation |
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| increase in the hormonal level in circulation will decrease the furthur secretion of hormone acting either on hypothalamus or anterior pituitary or both. The secretion of thyroxin is an example |
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| If the increase in hormonal level in circulation stimulates furthur secretion of the hormone acting either on the hypothalamus or anterior pituitary gland or both this is termed as? An example of this is the regulation of secretion of estrogen hormone around the day of ovulation |
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| during the day, the rate of hormone secretion varies depending on the time |
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| cells which secrete the factors of the hypothalamus which in turn influence the activity of the anterior pituitary gland |
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| secrete thyroid stimulating hormone |
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| secrete follicular stimulating and leutinizing hormones |
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| secrete adreno cortico tropic hormone, beta lipotropins, and beta endorphins |
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| is also known as somatotropic hormone and is a peptide hormone secreted by the acidophils of the anterior pituitary gland |
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| indirect growth promoting action |
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Definition
| due to the action of GH on the liver. WHen hormone acts on the liver, the liver secretes somatomedin C or insulin like growth factor IGF-1 |
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| direct anti-insulin action can be brought about in the target organs in presence of ___ |
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| uncontrolled secretion of GH for a long time brings about increase in blood glucose levels which leads to an increase in the stimulation of beta cells of islets of Langerhans to secrete insuln. Eventually the beta cells are exhausted and _____ _____ occurs |
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Term
| Growth hormone releasing hormone |
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Definition
| secreted from the hypothalamus and acts on the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the secretion of GH |
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| When IGF level in circulation increases, it acts on the hypothalamus to stimulate sectrion of ? |
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| this is the most common typeo of dwarfism and and the characteristic will be short limbs and normal trunk |
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| this condition is due to insensitivity of the tissues to GH, the receptors are non responsive to GH, there can be normal or elevated levels of GH in circulation |
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| this is a deficiency of growth hormone in adults. |
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| hypersecretion of GH after puberty, enlargement of hands and feet, enlargement of the mandible, kyphosis, cardiomegaly, hirsutism, gynecomastia, and the person may suffer from bitemporal hemianopia with this condition. |
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| hypersecretion of GH from childhood. The size of the person will be big but weak and prone to develop early diabetes, longevity is restricted and these people die early who suffer from this condition |
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| occurs in females do to post-partum hemorrhage and there can be ischemic necrosis of the pituitary gland; lethargy, sexually inactive, unable to withstand stress, growth is inhibited and thyroid function is depressed, there can be atrophy of the gonads and the menstrual cycle stops in people with this syndrome |
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| when there is general deficiency of all the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland, this condition is known as |
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| the supra optic nucleus predominately secretes ___ while the para ventricular nucleus predominately secretes ___ |
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| ADH acts on the epithelial cells lining the collecting duct and also distal convoluted tubule through ___ ___ |
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| ADH in large doses acts on smooth muscle of blood vessels through the __ ___ and brings about vasoconstriction. Because of this, there will be increase in peripheral resistance and hence increase in diastolic BP |
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| in this type of diabetes there is a decreased secretion of ADH |
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| in this type of diabetes the secretion of ADH is normal but the receptors present on cells of renal tubules fail to respond for ADH |
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| what are the two hormones that follicular cells secrete? |
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| what hormone does the parafollicular cell cell secrete |
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| in this condition there will be hyposecretion of thyroxin from infancy, skeletal growth will be stunted, mental retardation, developmental milestones get postponed, thick protruding tongue and pot belly, sex organs remain infantile, facial changes will not correspond with chronological age |
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| in this condition, there is hyposecretion of the thyroxin in adults, person can't withstand cold/stress, cold dry skin with sparse hair, bradycardia, low BP, loss of memory and intelligence, increase in serum cholesterol level, and the reproductive ability suffers |
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| people with this disease, have hyperthyroidism in adult stage, exophthalmos, tachycardia and palpitation, systolic hypertension, negative nitrogen balance, tremors, hyper-reflexia, and psychosis, can't withstand heat stress, skin will be warm and wet, serum cholesterol will be less than normal, loss of libido and infertility |
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| an enlargement of the thyroid gland that is usually due to hypo or hyperthydoism and an deficiency of iodine |
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| during permissive action, ___ should be present in target organs for action of certain other hormones |
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| a potent inhibitor of desmolase reaction and thereby decreases all steroid hormone synthesis and this drug has been used to treat women with breast cancer. |
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| this is an antifungal agent which inhibits several steps in biosynthesis of the hormones and thus effective in treating states of excess of cortisol secretion |
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