Term
| Artery or Vein? Media thin and adventitia thick. |
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Definition
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Term
| Location of vaso vasorum? |
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Definition
| Tunica adventitia of arteries. |
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Term
| Blood supply for arteries? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are Purkinje fibers located in the ventricle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Calcific deposits in medium size muscular arteries? |
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Definition
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Term
| Eccentric intimal lesions in medium to large vessels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hyaline or hyperplastic vascular disease associated with hypertension or diabetes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vascular disease seen in malignant hypertension. |
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Definition
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Term
| Onion skinning arterial lumen? |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 phases of artherosclerotic development. |
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Definition
1. Endothelial injury
2. Endothelial dysfunction.
3. Smooth muscle immigration from media to intima
4. Lipid engulfment by macrophages and SM cells.
5. Smooth muscle proliferation and ECM deposition (fibrous cap) |
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Term
| What are principal features of Type I artherosclerotic lesion? |
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Definition
| Isolated macrophage foam cells (not grossly visible). |
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Term
| What are principal features of Type II artherosclerotic lesion? |
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Definition
| Fatty streak. Intracellular lipid accumulation. |
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Term
| What are principal features of Type III artherosclerotic lesion? |
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Definition
| Type II changes + small extracellular lipid pools. |
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Term
| What are principal features of Type IV artherosclerotic lesion? |
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Definition
| Artheroma. Type II changes + core of extracellular lipid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type IV artherosclerotic lesion with intracellular lipid accumulation and extracellular lipid core. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type V artherosclerotic lesion. Artheroma with fibrous cap, or fibrous ("healed") only. |
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Term
| What are principal features of Type V artherosclerotic lesion? |
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Definition
| Extracellular lipid core with fibrous cap, or all fibrous. Fibroartheroma. |
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Term
| What are principal features of Type VI artherosclerotic lesion? |
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Definition
| Ruptured and thrombogenic. |
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Term
| What are the key features of an artheromatous plaque? |
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Definition
| Fibrous cap with necrotic core. |
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Term
| What are the ECM components that you would see in an artherosclerotic thickening? |
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Definition
| Collagen, elastin, proteoglycans. |
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Term
| Can see calcification, necrosis, and thrombus with this lesion. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two best markers for cardiac ischemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the window for seeing troponin following MI? |
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Definition
| From 3-4 hours to 14 days. |
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Term
| What is the window for seeing CK-MB following MI? |
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Definition
| From 3-4 hours to 3 days. |
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Term
| MI stage of injury: wavy cells and edema? |
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Definition
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Term
| What will we see at 1-6 hours following irreversible myocardial injury? |
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Definition
| Wavy fibers separated by edematous fluid. |
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Term
| What will you see 3 days following irreversible myocardial ischemic injury? |
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Definition
| Coagulative necrosis with pyknotic nuclei and PMN infiltration. |
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Term
| What will you see 7 days following irreversible myocardial ischemic injury? |
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Definition
| Granulation tissue with myocytes and more necrosis. Looks like chunky debris between some intact looking fibers. |
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Term
| What will you see 14 days following irreversible myocardial ischemic injury? |
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Definition
| Granulation tissue and collagen deposition. New blood vessels. |
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Term
| What will you see long after irreversible myocardial ischemic injury? |
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Definition
| A dense collaginous scar, acellular. |
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Term
| What are the levels of division of the renal circulatory system? |
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Definition
| Renal a. -> interlobar a -> arcuate a. -> interlobular a. -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus... |
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Term
| What are the layers of the glomerular basement membrane? |
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Definition
| Lamina rara interna (endothelial), lamina densa, and lamina rara externa (epithelial) |
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Term
| Principal function of mesangial cells? |
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Definition
| Cleaning basement membrane by phagocytosis. |
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Term
| What is the difference between cells lining the thin limb of the loop of Henle and the cells lining the thick ascending limb? |
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Definition
| Thin limb lined with squamous and thick ascending limb lined with cuboidal cells. |
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Term
| What is the epithelium that lines the ureter? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is #1 cause of nephrotic syndrome in children? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is #1 cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults? |
|
Definition
| Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis. |
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|
Term
| What is "segmental" sclerosis? |
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Definition
| Only affects part of the glomerular tuft. |
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|
Term
| What is a "focal" sclerosis? |
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Definition
| Only affects 50% or fewer of all glomerular tuftfs. |
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|
Term
| What nephrotic syndrome do you see difuse thickening of basement membrane? |
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Definition
| Membranous glomerulonephritis. |
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|
Term
| What is the most common cause of membranous glomerulonephritis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are less common causes of membranous glomerulonephritis? |
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Definition
| SLE, Hep B, carcinoma, and drugs including NSAIDS. |
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|
Term
| Do you see hypercellularity with membranous glomerulonephritis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two thinks at top of differential with acute proliferative glomerulonephritis? |
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Definition
| Postinfectious glomerulonephritis and secondary to CT disease (like SLE) |
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Term
| What is most likely with subepithelial bumpy deposits and hypercellular mesangium? |
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Definition
| Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis. |
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Term
| What cells are you likely to see in messangium in setting of acute proliferative glomerulonephritis? |
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Definition
| Neutrophils, as well as mesangial cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. |
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Term
| Subendothelial deposits (tram tracking) and hypercellular mesangium? |
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Definition
| Type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. |
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Term
| Intramembranous deposits and hypercellular mesangium? |
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Definition
| Type II membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. |
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|
Term
| Most common nodular glomerulopathy? |
|
Definition
| Diabetic glomerulosclerosis. |
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|
Term
| How to tell diabetic glomerulosclerosis from amyloidosis? |
|
Definition
| Diabetic positive for trichrome, PAS, or silver. Amyloid positive for congo red or crystal violet. |
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|
Term
| Kimmelstein-Wilson nodules? |
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Definition
| Diabetic glomerulosclerosis. |
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|
Term
| Clinical syndrome of Alport? |
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Definition
| Sensorineural deafness, lens dislocation and cataracts, and nephrotic disease. |
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|
Term
| Nephritis and foamy cells under light microscopy. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pathogenesis of FSGS? |
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Definition
| Systemic hypertension, intraglomerular hypertension, and glomerular hypertrophymessangial cell hyperplasia/ECM deposition, intraglomerular coagulation, and epithelial/endothelial injuryglomerulosclerosis and proteinuria |
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Term
| What are the biochemical changes that are the features of diabetic ketoacidosis? |
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Definition
| Increased sythesis of collagen type IV and fibronectin and decreasd heparan sulfate proteoglycan. |
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Term
| What will the GBM from a person with diabetic glomarulosclerosis look like under EM? |
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Definition
| You will see a homogenous thickening. |
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Term
| What is the term for the nodular structures seen in the glomerulus of a person with diabetic glomerulosclerosis? |
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Definition
| Kimmelsteil-Wilson nodules |
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|
Term
| What immunofluorescence study would clarify the diagnosis of FSGS? |
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Definition
| A study for IgA and C3 would show immunofluorescence in the sclerotic region of the glomeruli. |
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Term
| How do ischemia induced ATN and toxin induced ATN differ morphologically? |
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Definition
| Toxin induced ATN exhibits diffuse tubular damage whereas ischemia induced ATN exhibits patchy tubular damage. |
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|
Term
| What is the key cellular morphology in renal cell carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| Polygonal cells with clear cytoplasm. |
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|
Term
| Why do you see polycythemia in the setting of renal cell carcimoma? |
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Definition
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