Term
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Definition
| artifact hole left during processing where chondrocytes and osteocytes were located |
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Term
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Definition
| solid form of connective tisseu with varying degrees of solidity. develops directly from mesenchyme. avascular (so vulneralbe to degeneration). |
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Definition
| layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds cartilage. reserve chondroblasts are located just deep to this structure and they are flat rather than rounded cells |
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Definition
| formation of new cartilage at surface just beneath perichondrium |
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Term
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Definition
| internal formation of new cartilage via re-conversion of lacunae bound chondrocytes to chondroblasts with the subsequent synthesis of new cartilage. this process is impeded greatly by avascular nature |
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Term
| ground substance of cartilage |
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Definition
| chondroitin sulfate; present in all three types |
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Definition
| hardest and most abundant; matrix contains few collagen fibers; found in articular cartilages, tracheal rings, costal cartilages, thyroid cartilage, and nose |
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Term
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Definition
| contains more collagen fibers in matrix; provides tough support with tensile strength; located in IV discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus of knee |
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Definition
| most pliable; contains interlacing elastic fibers and collagen fibers; provides both form and flexibility; located in external ear, eustachian tubes, epiglottis, and larynx |
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Term
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Definition
| outer solid region of compact bone; deposited in layers called lamellae |
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Term
| spongy or cancellous bone |
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Definition
| found in epiphyses and peripheral to medullary cavity; containes blood cell progenitors and adipose; bony spicules called trabeculae; engineered to withstand physical stress placed upon bone |
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Term
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Definition
| layers of bone within an osteon |
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Term
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Definition
| canal in center of osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasmic extensions off of lacunae that nutritionally interconnect osteocytes to vessels of haversion canals |
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Term
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Definition
| components of previous haversion systems that are no longer obvious due to remodeling |
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Term
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Definition
| transversely connect Haversian canals |
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Term
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Definition
| only way to see bone cells |
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Term
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Definition
| only way to see haversion system |
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Term
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Definition
| undifferentiated fibroblast-like cells that give rise to osteoblasts; a few persist in adult bone and are located deep to periosteum |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesize glycoproteins and mucopolysacharides that are secreted to form osteoid |
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Term
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Definition
| uncalcified ground substance |
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Term
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Definition
| formed when osteoblasts become surrounded by matrix and therefore encased within a lacunae |
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Term
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Definition
| large multinucleated cells that digest bone matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| indentations in compact bone due to osteoclast resorption |
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Definition
| strength from highly ordered collagen fibers (osteoid) and rigidity from calcium hydroxyapatite |
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Term
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Definition
| internal lining of simple squamous epithelia plus underlying dense irregular connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| external lining of simple squamous epithelia plus underlying dense irregular connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| attach bone to periosteum |
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Term
| intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
| results in formation of flat bones; mesenchyme becomes highly vascularized leading to rapid cell proliferation; some cells differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts which produce osteoid within the connective tissue; ossification process through tisue as lamellar bone replaces osteoid |
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Term
| endochondrial ossification |
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Definition
| a hyaline cartilage model is replaced by bone; this is used to form long and short bones; starts with proliferation and hypertrophication of carilage cells (lacunae increase in number and size with very little intercellular matrix); calcified by lime salts; cells below periochondrium differentiate into osteoblasts which deposit a bony thin collar; periosteal buds invade through collar and infiltrate enlarged lacunae into marrow spaces; replacement of lime salts with calcium hydroxyapatites |
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Term
| primary ossification center |
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Definition
| location in diaphysis where endochondral ossification starts |
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Term
| secondary ossification centers |
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Definition
| locations in epiphyses where endochondral ossification occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| increased size without increased thickness of compact bone; osteoblasts deposit new bone along external surfaces and osteoclasts reabsorb along internal surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| increased diameter via intramembranous ossification on external surface of collar with osteoclast activity on internal surface |
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Term
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Definition
| sequential zones in growth plate; zone of reserve cartilage, zone of proliferation, zone of maturation and hypertrophy, zone of calcification, zone of ossification |
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Term
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Definition
| cells arranged in thin oval lacunae begin to align in parallel longitudinal rows which is responsible for the increase in length of cartilage |
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Term
| zone of cartilage calcification |
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Definition
| zone of variable length but always narrow |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by a fibrous capsule filled with synovial fluid and cartilaginous articular surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes viscous gel to lubricate joint; richly endowed with fenestrated capillaries which allows plasma to leak out |
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Term
| fibroblastic synoviocytes |
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Definition
| add hyaluronic acid to plasma component to produce synovial fluid |
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Term
| macrophage-like synoviocytes |
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Definition
| rounded cells adjascent to synovial space that phagocytized debris |
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Definition
| provides smooth surface for articulations; surface lacks a perichondrium; collagen fivers arch as surface which allows greater distribution of shear forces; subject to thinning over time |
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Definition
| located between the bodies of adjascent vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| outer fibrous layer composed of fibrocartilage with layers of collagen fibers oriented in 90degree planes |
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Term
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Definition
| gel-like material derived from notochord; partially displaced by fibrocartilage in adults |
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Term
| dense regular connective tissue |
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Definition
| composed of densely packed fibers coursing generally parallel to each other. extreme tensile strength |
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Term
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Definition
| composed entirely of collagen fibers coursing precisely parallel. attaches muscle to bone. fibroblasts arranged in rows and flattened between thick collagen fibers. minimum vascularization. fibers bundled into fasicles. contained in a lubricated tough fibrous sheet to minimize friction |
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Term
| ligament (yellow elastic tissue) |
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Definition
| composed of parallel bundles of collagen and elastic fibers. lots of fibroblasts. connect bones within a joint. |
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Term
| primary function of muscle |
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Definition
| contraction to produce movement |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle cells grouped in bundles. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells fuse together during fetal development. syncytion that may contain several hundred nuclei. nuclei just below sarcolemma and usually flattened. longitudinally oriented actin and myosin |
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Term
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Definition
| aerobic. small with high myoglobin content and a rich blood supply. able to generate slow but more sustained contractions. |
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Term
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Definition
| large with low myoglobin content and a minimal blood supply. rapid contractions but easily fatigued. |
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Term
| innervation of skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| muscle fiber dies if this is destroyed |
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Term
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Definition
| a motor axon and all of the fibers that it innervates. allows several fibers to act as a unit |
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Term
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Definition
| found at the neuromuscular junction. motor nerve axon branches into twigs that innervate several fibers. fewer fibers per axon yields finer muscle control. |
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Term
| sensory (muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ) |
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Definition
| provide information about tension of muscle. component of feedback system that maintains muscle tone, proprioception and prevents ripping of muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| encapsulated nerve endings within tendon |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous capsule containing 5-15 thin intrafusal muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| very limited regeneration through satellite cells. replaced by fibrous connective tissue scar. regain size and strength primarily through hypertrophy of remaining fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds individual muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| groups many muscle fibers together to form a fascicle |
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Term
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Definition
| groups many fascicles together to form a muscle. continuous with tendon. |
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Term
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Definition
| found as layers in walls of hollow organs and as individual cells. cigar shaped cells with central nucleus. myofilaments not well organized. no striations. |
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Term
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Definition
| anchoring point for smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| cells have synchronized rhythmic contractions stimulated primarily by stretch. patterns modified by hormonal and/or neural input |
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Term
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Definition
| precisely controlled by the autonomic nervous system |
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