Term
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Definition
| includes proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen. contributes flexibility and tensile strength |
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Term
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Definition
| kind of collagen seen in bone and the strongest |
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Term
| intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
| forms directy from mesenchyme. makes most of the bones of the skull and the clavicle. |
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Term
| endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| bones are first modeled in hyaline cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| unit of compact bone. represents a weight-bearing pillar |
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Term
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Definition
| central canal in an osteon |
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Term
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Definition
| a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones |
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Term
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Definition
| a membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones. osteoblasts just under it secrete new matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| transverse canals that connect the vascular supply of periosteum to those of the haversian canal and the medullary cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| spaces in bone where extensions of neighboring osteocytes are located. they have gap junctions at the ends that allow communication between osteocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| located at epiphyses and along medullary cavity. irregularly shaped. no osteons. |
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Term
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
| stimulates osteoblasts to secrete M-CSF, IL-6, and RANK Ligand |
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Term
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Definition
| sensitizes osteoblasts to PTH. also increases absorption of Ca2+ and Pi by small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates stem cells to differentiate into multinucleated osteoclasts |
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Term
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Definition
| promotes differentiation and activity of osteoclasts |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by osteoblasts. binds to RANK Ligand to prevent it from binding to RANK receptor and stimulating osteoclast activity, so it is protecting bone from degradation. |
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Term
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Definition
| increase osteoblast secretion of RANK Ligand and decrease its secretion of osteoprotegrin, resulting in more bone loss |
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Term
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Definition
| integrins on osteoclast bind to vitronectins on bone surface to make this |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to osteoclasts and leads to activation of PKA which inhibits bone reabsorption (opposite of PTH) |
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Term
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Definition
| how long fracture repair takes |
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Term
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Definition
| found in newly formed bone such as in fracture repair or bone-forming tumors. always pathologic if found in an adult |
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Term
| hematogenous osteomyelitis |
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Definition
| primarily affects the metaphyseal area of the long bones because of loop in arterioles giving bacteria time to penetrate walls of the blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic bone disease resulting in decreased mineralized bone, but a normal ratio of mineralized to non-mineralized matrix |
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Term
| Type I Primary Osteoporosis |
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Definition
| due to an absolute increase in osteoclast activity as a result of estrogen withdrawal |
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Term
| Type II Primary Osteoporosis |
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Definition
| reflects decrease osteoblast activity with old age |
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Term
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Definition
| inadequate mineralization of bone matrix caused by a Vitamin D deficiency which reduces calcium available to mineralize osteoid |
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Term
| Osteopetrosis aka Albers-Schonberg Disease or marble bone disease |
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Definition
| autosomal recessive malignant type and autosomal dominant benign type. resulting in reduced osteoclastic bone resorption making bones very dense |
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Term
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Definition
| inability of osteoblasts to manufacture collagen. from Vitamin C deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| pseudofractures characteristic of osteomalacia |
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Term
| Primary Hyperparathyroidism |
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Definition
| adenoma causes excessive PTH production which causes osteoporosis, neuromuscular excitability, kidney stones, and phosphaturia |
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Term
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Definition
| typical of hyperparathyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
| filaments inside each muscle cell (muscle fiber) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| molecules consisting of two alpha helices that coil and sit near the two grooves formed by actin strands. at rest, they are blocking the myosin binding site on actin |
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Term
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Definition
| heterotrimer that binds Ca2+ and induces tropomyosin to move off the myosin binding sites so that contraction can occur |
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Term
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Definition
| where action potentials are initiated in the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| combination of mechanical juctions (fascia adherens and desmosomes) and electrical juctions |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 Na+ In, 1 Ca2+ Out. Helps get Ca2+ out of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| uses ATP to extrude Ca2+ from the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| protein associated with SERCA. phosphorylated by PKA when epinephrine binds beta-adrenergic receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| smooth muscle requires an alteration in myosin before it can interact with actin |
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Term
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Definition
| requires movement of troponin-tropomyosin complex before myosin can bind to actin |
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Term
| single-unit smooth muscle |
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Definition
| cells are electrically coupled. causes a wave of contraction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Calcium Induced Calcium Release |
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Definition
| in smooth muscle, the Ca2+ that enters the cytoplasm through channels in the caveoli cause release from SR channels |
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Term
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Definition
| binds 4 Ca2+ which activates it to activate myosin light chain kinase which ultimately results in muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| when phosphorylated, it is able to bind to actin and act as molecular motor for contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| cleaves off phosphate from MLC making it inactive |
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Term
| phasic, twitch-like contraction |
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Definition
| Ca2+ mobilization followed by cross-bridge phosphorylation and cycling |
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Term
| sustained, tonic contraction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sacs of lubricant lined with synovial membrane that secrete synovial fluid. reduces friction during joint activity |
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Term
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Definition
| elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon |
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Term
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Definition
| confine tendons to a specific line of pull |
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Term
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Definition
| triple helix of 3 alpha chains have gly-x-y sequence |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| basement membrane collagen |
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Definition
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