Term
| What cord does the musculocutaneous nerve come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cord does the radial nerve come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cord does the ulnar nerve come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| The posterior cord comes from which spinal nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What spinal nerves make up the lateral cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| What spinal nerves make up the medial cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the terminol branches? |
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Definition
Musculocutaneous
Median
Ulnar
Axillary
Radial |
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Term
| What nerves branch off of the posterior cord? |
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Definition
Subscapular (Upper and Lower)
Thoracodorsal
Radial
Axillary |
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Term
| What nerves branch off of the medial cord? |
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Definition
Medial pectoral
Medial brachial cutaneous
Medial antebrachial cutaneous
Ulnar
Median Nerve |
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Term
| What nerves branch off of the Lateral cord? |
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Definition
Lateral Pectoral
Musculocutaneous |
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Term
| What nerve(s) comes right off of spinal nerve C5? |
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Definition
Dorsoscapular nerve
Long Thoracic nerve |
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Term
| What two nerves branch off of the upper trunk? |
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Definition
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Term
| Branches C5, C6, & C7 form what nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many terminol branches are there in the brachial plexus? |
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Definition
5 terminol branches
Musculocutaneous
Median
Ulnar
Axillary
Radial |
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Term
| How many roots are there in the brachial plexus? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many trunks are there in the brachial plexus? |
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Definition
3 Trunks
Upper, middle, Lower |
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Term
| How many divisions are there in the brachial plexus? |
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Definition
2 divisions
Anterior & Posterior |
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Term
| What is the clinical relevance if the thoracodorsal nerve is injured? |
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Definition
| Injury to the thoracodorsal nerve affects the latissimus dorsi muscle resulting in a weakend ability to extend, adduct, and medially rotate the arm |
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Term
| What is the clinical relevance if the axillary nerve is injured? |
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Definition
| Injury to the axillary nerve affects the deltoid and teres minor muscles, resulting in a weakened ability to abduct and laterally rotate the arm |
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Term
| What is the clinical relevance if you injure the long thoracic nerve? |
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Definition
| Injury to the long thoracic nerve affects the serratus anterior. When a patient with paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle is asked to push with both hands against a wall, the medial border of the scapula protrudes on the affected side, a condition known as "winged scapula" |
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Term
| What is the "main highway" for the Axilla arteries |
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Definition
| Brachiocephalic - Subclavian - Axillary - Brachial |
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Term
| The subclavian artery branches off into what? |
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Definition
The vertebral artery
Thyrocervical trunk |
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Term
| The thyrocervical trunk branches off into what? |
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Definition
Inferior thyroid artery
Cervicodorsal trunk
Suprascapular artery |
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Term
| The axillary artery has 3 parts. What branches off into each part? |
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Definition
Part 1 - Superior thoracic artery
Part 2 - Thoracoacromial artery & lateral thoracic artery
Part 3 - Subscapular artery, anterior circumflex humeral artery, & posterior circumflex humeral artery |
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Term
| What are the branches of the thoracoacromial artery? |
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Definition
| Deltoid, Pectoral, Acromial, Clavicular |
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Term
| The subscapular artery branches off to what? |
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Definition
Circumflex scapular artery
Thoracodorsal artery |
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Term
| What is the largest branch of the axillary artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| The anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries supply what muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is the larger circumflex humeral artery? |
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Definition
| Posterior circumflex humeral artery |
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Term
| What is the clinical relevance if the musculocutaneous nerve is injured? |
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Definition
| Musculocutaneous nerve innervates the coracobrachialis biceps brachii. The biceps is a strong supinator and flexor of the arm. Therefore, you will be unable to flex the arm. |
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Term
| What happens if you have an injury related to the ulnar nerve? |
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Definition
| You will have intrinsic hand muscle problems. You will also have numbness over the medial 1.5 fingers - Claw hand |
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Term
| What would be the clincical relevance if you had a median nerve injury, such as carpel tunnel? |
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Definition
| You will be unable to do opposition of the thumb. If the injury is closer to the elbow joint, you will most likely have an inability to flex the forearm. |
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Term
| What is the clinical relevance if you have a radial nerve injury? |
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Definition
| You will have problems extending the forearm |
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Term
| What is the clinical relevance to an injury to the suprascapular nerve? |
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Definition
| Suprascapular nerve innervates suprascapular muscle, which is how you initiate abduction for the first 15 degrees. If you injure the suprascapular nerve, you will be unable to do that. |
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Term
| What is the clinical relevance of injurying the axillary nerve? |
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Definition
| Injury to the axillary nerve will cause the inability to abduct the arm beyond 15 degrees |
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Term
| The musculocutaneous nerve enters what muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Variations of the clavicle: Occasionally the clavicle is pierced by what nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the weakest point of the clavicle? |
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Definition
| The weakest part of the clavicle is the junction of its middle and lateral thirds |
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Term
| Why does the shoulder droop when you fracture the clavicle? |
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Definition
| The trapezius muscle is unable to hold the lateral fragment up because of the weight of the upper limb, thus the shoulder drops |
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Term
| What is a greenstick fracture and who is more prone to get them? |
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Definition
| A greenstick fracture is an incomplete fracture of the clavicle is. One side of the bone is broken and the other is bent. This happens in younger children. |
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Term
| What is the first long bone to ossify and when does it ossify? |
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Definition
| The clavicle is the first long bone to ossify, beginning during the 5th and 6th embryonic weeks |
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Term
| What is the last long bone epiphyses to fuse? |
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Definition
| The clavicle, around ages 25-31 |
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Term
| What is an avulsion fracture? |
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Definition
| A small part of the greater tubercle of the tendon is torn away. Usually caused by a fall on the tip of the shoulder |
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Term
| What is a intercondylar fracture? |
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Definition
| Where the olecrannon of the ulna is driven like a wedge between the medial and lateral parts of the condyle, separating one or both parts from the humeral shaft |
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Term
| What nerves are in direct contact with these parts of the humerus: Surgical neck, radial groove, distal end of humerus, medial epicondyle? |
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Definition
Surgical neck: Axillary nerve
Radial Groove: Radial nerve
Distal end of the humerus: Median nerve
Medial epicondyle: Ulnar nerve |
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Term
| What is the most common forearm fracture? |
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Definition
| Colles fracture. It is a complete transverse fracture. The distal fragment is usually displaced dorsally and broken into pieces. It is often referred to as dinner fork deformity. |
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Term
| What is the most frequently fractured carpal bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why can it be serious to fracture the scaphoid bone? |
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Definition
| Pathological death of bone resulting from inadequate blood supply may occur and produce degenerative joint disease of the wrist. |
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Term
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Definition
| To fuse the carpals surgically |
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Term
| What muscle atrophies when the axillary nerve is damaged? |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscle atrophies when the axillary nerve is damaged? |
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Definition
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Term
| In addition to the atrophying of muscle(s), what else can occur with the damage of the axillary nerve? |
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Definition
| A loss of sensation may occur over the lateral side of the proximal part of the arm, the area supplied by the superior lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm, the cutaneous branch of the axillary nerve |
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Term
| What is the most common tendon ruptured in the rotator cuff? |
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Definition
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Term
| Injury to the rotator cuff has what significance? |
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Definition
| It produces instability of the glenohumeral joint |
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Term
| Explain arterial anastomoses |
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Definition
| Several vessels join to form networks on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the scapula. Collateral circulation is made possible by these anastomoses. For example, an atherosclerotic lesion reduces blood flow to axillary artery. Because of arterial anastomoses the direction of blood flow in the subscapular artery is reversed, enabling the blood to reach the third part of the axillary artery. |
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Term
| What vein is punctured in a subclavian vein puncture? |
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Definition
| The vein actually punctured is the axillary vein. However, the needle tip proceeds into the lumen of the subclavian almost immediately. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| Why is it sometimes necessary to excise the axillary vein during metastatic cancer? |
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Definition
| The lymph nodes often adhere to the axillary vein. To get rid of all malignant nodes, you may have to excise the ones attached to the axillary vein |
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Term
| What is a prefixed brachial plexus? |
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Definition
| When the superiormost root of the plexus is C4 and the inferiormost root is C8 |
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Term
| What is postfixed brachial plexus? |
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Definition
| When the superior root is C6 and the inferior root is T2 |
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Term
| Injuries to the brachial plexus affects what? |
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Definition
| It affects movements and cutaneous sensations in the upper limb. It can result in paralysis and anesthesia |
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Term
| What is complete paralysis? |
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Definition
| No movement is detectable. |
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Term
| What is incomplete paralysis? |
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Definition
| Not all muscles are paralyzed. Therefore, the person can move, but the movements are weak compared with those of a normal person. |
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Term
| Injury to the superior trunk of the brachial plexus is apparent because why? |
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Definition
| The characteristic position of the limb, in which the limb hangs by the side with medial rotation (waiter's tip position) |
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Term
| Injury to the superior part of the brachial plexus results in paralysis of which muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is back packer's palsy? |
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Definition
| It is chronic microtrauma to the superior trunk of the brachial plexus from carrying a heavy backpack that can have sensory and motor deficits in the musculocutaneous and radial nerves |
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Term
| What is acute brachial plexus neuritis? |
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Definition
| Is a neurological disorder with no known cause and is characterized by a sudden onset of severe pain, usually around the shoulder |
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Term
| Hyperabduction syndrome results from what? |
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Definition
| Compression of the axillary vessels and nerves |
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Term
| What would be the result of an inferior trunk injury of the brachial plexus? |
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Definition
| The short muscles of the hand are affected, and a claw hand results |
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Term
| What is the purpose of injecting anesthetic solution into the axillary sheath, or surrounding area? |
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Definition
| Interrupts conduction of impulses of peripheral nerves and produces anesthesia of the structures supplied by the branches of the cords of the plexus. Sensation is blocked in all deep structures of the upper limb and the skin distal to the middle of the arm. |
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Term
| Where would you inject an anesthetic solution to interrupt conduction of the brachial plexus? |
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Definition
| Axillary sheath or immediately surrounding area; interscalene or supraclavicular areas |
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Term
| Why do a bicipital myotatic reflex test? |
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Definition
| A positive response confirms the integrity of the musculocutaneous nerve and the C5, C6 spinal segmemts |
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Term
| How can you check the musculocutaneous nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Stopping bleeding through manual or surgical control of blood flow |
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Term
| Why clamp the brachial artery medial to the humerus near the middle of the arm? |
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Definition
| Because the arterial anastomoses provide function collateral circulation. The anatomic basis for this procedure is that the ulnar and radial arteries will still receive sufficient blood through the anastomoses around the elbow |
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Term
| What is ischemic compartment syndrome? |
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Definition
| When the necrotic tissue is replaced by scar tissue which causes a permanent shortening of the muscle. Muscles and nerves can tolerate up to 6 hours of ischemia |
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Term
| Why is weak flexion and supination still possible when the musculocutaneous nerve is injured? |
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Definition
| Weak flexion and supination are still possible, produced by the brachioradialis and supinator, both are supplied by the radial nerve |
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Term
| Why may you lose sensation of the lateral surface of the forearm? |
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Definition
| The lateral side of the forearm that is supplied by the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, is injured too because it is a continuation of the musculocutaneous nerve is injured |
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Term
| Injury to the radial nerve does what? |
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Definition
| If the injury is superior to the branches of the triceps it results in paralysis of the triceps, brachioradialis, supinator, and extensor muscles of the wrist and fingers. However, if it is injured in the radial groove, the triceps is usually not completely paralyzed |
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Term
| What is the clinical sign of radial nerve injury? |
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Definition
| The wrist-drop, an inability to extent the wrist and the fingers at the metacapophalangeal joints |
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Term
| Why is the cubital fossa a common site for venipuncture? |
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Definition
| Because of the prominence and availability of the veins. The median cubital vein is usually selected |
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Term
| Inferior to the cubital fossa, the radial nerve branches into what? |
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Definition
| The posterior interosseous nerve and cutaneous nerve |
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Term
| Inferior to the cubital fossa, that median nerve branches into what, and what direction does it branch in? |
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Definition
| The median nerve branches LATERALLY into the anterior interosseous nerve |
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Term
| Most nerves are located _______ and arteries along side of a nerve are usually located ________ & ________ |
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Definition
| Most nerves are located medial and arteries along side of a nerve are usually located LATERAL & POSTERIOR |
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Term
| Brachial artery branches into what at mid shaft of the humerus? |
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Definition
Ulnar Collateral Arteries
Superior- Posterior side of the medial condyle
Inferior - Anterior side of the condyle |
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Term
| What does the deep artery of the arm turn into and where? |
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Definition
| The deep artery of the arm turns into the radial collateral artery at the lateral condyle |
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Term
| The deep artery of the arm branches off into what and where? |
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Definition
| The deep artery of the arm branches off into the middle collateral artery at mid shaft of humerus |
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Term
| The superior ulnar collateral artery turns into what? |
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Definition
| The superior ulnar collateral artery turns into the posterior ulnar recurrent artery |
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Term
| The inferior ulnar collateral artery turns into the what? |
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Definition
| The inferior ulnar collateral artery turns into the anterior ulnar recurrent artery |
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Term
| Deep artery of the arm - Radial ________ - Radial ________ is the path of the deep artery before combining with the Radial artery? |
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Definition
| Deep artery of the arm branches off into the middle collateral artery. Deep artery of the arm keeps going until it turns into the radial collateral artery, which turns into the radial recurrent artery |
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