Term
|
Definition
| Gender Traits, Libido, Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Attraction/Mate Selection, Mate Bonding, Monogamy vs Polygamy, Receptivity |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral Traits are the result of: |
|
Definition
| Interactions amoung a suite of factors that include BIOLOGY, EXPERIENCE, and CONTEXT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the exposure of the NON-SEXUAL brain to steroid hormones at a CRITICAL PERIOD during gestation & perhaps following birth, ORGANIZES into MASCULINE or FEMININE variants; specific regoins of the brain responsible for SEXUAL BEHAVIOR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Humans are TAUGHT, IMPLICITLY and EXPLICITLY, to behave in a manner APPROPRIATE to their biological sex |
|
|
Term
| What interacts to determine and modify gender traits? |
|
Definition
| BOTH steroid hormones and socialization |
|
|
Term
| Biology and Culture interplay to give rise to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conscious or unconscious SEXUAL DESIRE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1)ANDROGENS within a defined range are necessary but not sufficient. 2)Certain brain traits that are androgen-independent are required |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1)No OVARIAN hormones are correlated to sexual drive but tonic levels of androgens may be needed. 2)'Psycho-social factors may dominate any hormonal influence, particularly in YOUNGER females. |
|
|
Term
| Heterosexuality or Gender Typical Partner Choice: |
|
Definition
| Choosing to sexually interact with partners of the OPPOSITE sex |
|
|
Term
| Homosexuality or Gender Atypical Partner Choice: |
|
Definition
| Choosing to sexually interact with partners of the SAME sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If one twin is Homosexual, what is the probability that the other will be? MZ Males=50% MZ Females=48% DZ Males=24% DZ Females=16% Adoptive Sib Males=19% Adoptive Sib Females=6% |
|
|
Term
| Hormone Comparisons (Biological Basis) |
|
Definition
| NO differences have been found in hormone levels between heterosexual and homosexuals |
|
|
Term
| Brain Anatomy (Biological Basis) |
|
Definition
| Studies claiming to find brain differences in women and homosexual men when compared to heterosexual men have been debunked. A causal correlation between brain anatomy/function and homosexuality has NOT been unequivocally demonstrated |
|
|
Term
| Genetic Differences (Biological Basis) |
|
Definition
| One study found DNA 'markers' on the X-Chromosomes of 33 pairs of homosexual brothers. No one has been able to repeat these results leaving no solid evidence of a genetic basis - yet. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sense of being male or female |
|
|
Term
| Attraction between males and females is culturally influenced and dependent upon: (4) |
|
Definition
| 1)Visual Cues 2)Auditory Cues 3)Olfactory Cues 4)Other Chemical Cues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical compounds released by one individual that elicit a physiological response in another individual; Human Sensory Systems, Sources of Human Pheromones, Roles of Pheromones. |
|
|
Term
| Main Olfactory System (MOS) |
|
Definition
| -Olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity detect odorous compounds. -Signals are sent to higher brain centers so perception is conscious |
|
|
Term
| Accessory Olfactory System (AOS) |
|
Definition
| -Receptors in the floor of the nasal regoin detect compounds that may habe no odor (vomeronasal organ or VNO). -Signals are sent directly to hypothalamus, bypassing higher brain centers, so no cognitive perception |
|
|
Term
| Probable source of Human Pheromones: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1)Mature at puberty. 2)Secrete odorless substance. 3)Bipedal human stance may accentuate the distribution of substances |
|
|
Term
| Possible Effects of Pheromones (3) |
|
Definition
| 1)Sexual attraction between males and females. 2)Control of female monthly cycles (Presence of males and social groups of females "dormitory effect"). 3)Infant-mother bond in early postnatal period |
|
|
Term
| Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) |
|
Definition
| MHC is a multigene family that codes for key receptor molecules that recognize and bind foreign proteins for presentation to specialized immune cells which initiate an immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Humans have been shown (when not distracted by artificial odors) to choose partners with high degress of variability from their own MHC, thus insuring immune systems in offspring with wider capabilities of recognizing foreign substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1)Lust. 2)Romantic Love. 3)Attachment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| novelty of early attraction and sexual interaction stimulates DOPAMINE release, which acts as a natural opiate, increasing feelings of intense energy, exhilaration, focused attention and motivation. Low serotonin promotes "obsessive' love |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased tolerance of DOPAMINE reduces the initial 'drugged' feeling, but feelings of long term bonding and closeness are supported by OXYTOCIN (maintained by Making Love, Orgasms with your partner, Hugging your partner, Massaging each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long term maintenance by high levels of OXYTOCIN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Males have more than one female mate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Females have more than one male mate |
|
|
Term
| Our closest relatives are the: |
|
Definition
| Chimpanzees and the Bonobos (Pygmy chimps); We share from 98 to 99% of our genes with them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have sexual activities with ALL members of the community; Disputes over food, mates, territory, etc. are settled by sexual activity! The FEMALES are dominant in communities |
|
|
Term
| Problems with Publications about BONOBOS: |
|
Definition
| -Nearly all data were collected in captive populations. - is the activity observed between adults and young, same-sex individuals, etc. really sexual activity?? |
|
|
Term
| Receptivity in the Females; Continuous vs Estrus |
|
Definition
| -We are the only primate whose females have hidden estrus (cycles). -Human women do not show when they are fertile, and in fact, often do not know themselves when they are fertile. -Human females are (usually) receptive to sex at any time. |
|
|
