Term
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Definition
| Memory loss for information processed following damage to the brain. |
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Term
| Long-term potentiation (LTP) |
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Definition
| A type of synaptic plasticity in which the application of a rapid series of electrical shocks to an input pathway increases the postsynaptic potentials recorded in target neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| An initial stage in memory formation in which large amounts of data can be held for very short periods. |
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Term
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Definition
| An intermediate memory store in which limited amounts of data can be held for a limited amount of time; without further processing, such information is permanently lost. |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory store in which apparently unlimited amounts of data can be held for an unlimited amount of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of declarative, explicit memory for facts and verbal information. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of declarative, explicit memory for personal experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of implicit memory for performing learned skills and tasks. |
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Term
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Definition
| An explicit memory for semantic and episodic information that can easily be verbalized, or "declared." |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory loss for the circumstances in which a particular fact or skill was learned. |
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Term
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Definition
| The localization of a function in one hemisphere or the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| A task in which different sounds are presented simultaneously to the right and left ears. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proficient in two languages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proficiency in more than one language. Half the world's population is proficient in two languages. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition marked by the production of slow, laborious speech accompanied by good comprehension, poor repetition, and poor naming. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition characterized by difficulty learning to read in spite of normal intelligence and exposure to standard instruction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatigue, irritability, and sleepiness resulting from travel across time zones. |
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Term
| Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
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Definition
| An area of the hypothalamus located above the optic chiasm; responsible for maintaining circadian rhythms. |
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Term
| Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) |
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Definition
| A type of depression that results from insufficient amounts of daylight during the winter months. |
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Term
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Definition
| An NREM episode in which the individual is partially aroused, disoriented, frightened, and inconsolable. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sleep disorder characterized by the intrusion of REM sleep, and occasionally REM paralysis, into the waking state. |
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Term
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Definition
| A physical memory trace in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that activates genes that might be responsible for structural changes associated with long-term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that normally inhibits the transcription of genes associated with structural changes in long-term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| To abnormally repeat or prolong speech sounds when speaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gene associated with speech and language disorders located on chromosome 7. A mutation in this gene is accompanied by low-normal intelligence and severe difficulties in the production of language. During brain development this gene targets the basal ganglia and the inferior frontal lobes. |
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Term
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Definition
| During this stage of life, 14-16 hours a day are spent sleeping, with 50% of time spent in REM. |
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Term
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Definition
| During this stage of life, 8-10 hours a day are spent sleeping, with about 20% of time spent in REM. |
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Term
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Definition
| During this stage of life, 8-6 hours a day are spent sleeping, with a decreased time spent in stages 3 and 4 of sleep. |
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Term
| Activation Synthesis Theory |
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Definition
| Activities and physiological processes of the brain that leads to dreaming. During REM sleep, circuits in the brain become activated. As a result, parts of the limbic system that are associated with sensations, memories, and emotions become active. (Hobson & McCarley) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Integrate memories while asleep. Spend more time in REM sleep after learning difficult material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dreams are practice for real life-threatening situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleep keeps us safe, restores out bodies (growth hormone), and helps us remember. |
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Term
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Definition
| A brain waveform having 15 to 20 cycles per second, associated with high levels of alertness during wakefullness. |
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Term
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Definition
| A brain waveform having 9 to 12 cycles per second, associated with less alertness and more relaxation than beta activity during wakefullness. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cycle that occurs several times in a single day. |
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Term
| Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep |
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Definition
| A period of sleep characterized by desynchronous brain activity, muscle paralysis, eye movement, and storylike dream behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A period of sleep characterized by by slow, synchronous brain activity, reductions in heart rate, and muscle relaxation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A brain waveform having 4 to 7 cycles per second found primarily in lighter stages of NREM sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| A muscle jerk occurring in early stages of sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| A short burst of 12 to 14 cycle-per-second waves observed during NREM sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| A brief burst of brain activity occurring during Stage 2 slow-wave sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| A brain waveform having 1 to 4 cycles per second that occurs during Stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep. |
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Term
| Patterns across a typical night of sleep (8 hours) |
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Definition
Awake
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 3
Stage 2
REM
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 3
Stage 2
REM
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 2
REM
Stage 1
Stage 2
REM
Awake
Stage 1
Stage 2
REM
Awake |
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Term
| Shift maladaptation syndrome |
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Definition
| Night shift workers who obtain 1.5 hours less total sleep than workers on other shifts, leading to frequent health, personality, mood, and interpersonal problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two cholinergic pathways originate in the medulla. Activity in locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei. High acetylcholine, high histamine, high norepinephrine and serotonin, increasing adenosine. |
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Term
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Definition
| SCN makes two proteins that bind together (clock and cycle). These move into the nucleus and bind DNA to promote transcription of PER and CRY. PER and CRY bind with another protein, TAU, to inhibit the transcription of PER and CRY. PER and CRY proteins degrade with time so inhibition will eventually be lifted. The whole thing then starts over again (cycle takes about 24 hours). |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathways connecting thei right and left cerebral hemispheres are severed. No change in personality, intelligence, or speech. Some odd behaviors can occur such as "alien hand." (Woman with alien hand couldn't get to work because both of her hands would reach for different things in her closet) |
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Term
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Definition
| Chomsky and Pinker argue for innate ability to learn language. Genes related to aspects of language (FOXP2) show important mutations about 100,000 years ago. Tool use and cooperation in early hominids might be evidence of language capabilities. |
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