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| Smaller molecular chains which make up macromolecules |
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| "Building block" molecules of a polymer |
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| How cell monomers link together to form polymers, a reaction that removes a molecule of water allowing polymers to form a new bond with the monomer. |
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| The process of digesting food (which contains polymers) to make the monomers small enough to be available to cells, in doing this a water molecule breaks the monomer's bond; reverse of the dehydration reaction. Results in simpler molecules |
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| Specialized macromolecules which speed up chemical reactions in cells |
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| Ranges from sugar molecules in soda to large polysaccharides such as bread. Functions as energy storage, fuel molecules, and structural support. |
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| carbohydrate monomers (single-united sugars) major nutrient in cell, skeletons also raw material for building other organic molecules. CH2O, contains hydroxyl and carbonyl |
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| Formed by a dehydration reaction linking two monosaccharides by a glycosidic bond. |
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| storage polysaccharides in plants; starch is made of glucose monomers. cellulose works as a "bank" which plant cells withdraw glucose for energy or building materials. Chitin is in insect skeletons and cell walls |
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| Covalently bond monosaccharides together |
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| carbohydrate polymers formed by monosaccharides bonded by glycosidic bonds. |
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| Diverse hydrophobic compounds composed mostly by carbon and hydrogen, insoluble. Different structure than other groups; no polymers and monomers, mostly energy storage |
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| Same formula different structural arrangements |
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| Molecules don't like water, e.g. all non polar compounds, insoluble at room temperature |
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| Having an open-chain molecular structure rather than a ring-shaped structure. |
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| Two compounds on the same sidea |
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| Two compounds on opposite sides |
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| Hydrogen bonded to oxygen |
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| First 5 are called hydrophilic (waterloving) functional groups, they all are all polar and effect the function of the formula |
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| Carbon linked by a double bond to an oxygen |
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| If carbonyl group is at the end of the skeleton than it is an aldehyde |
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| when carbonyl group is within the skeleton |
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| Consists of a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also single bonded to a hydroxyl group. Acidic b/c it so polar, as well as ionized by donating a proton. COOH |
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| nitrogen bonded to 2 hydrogen, weak base |
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| A phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, usuallyionized and attached to the skeleton by one of its oxygen atoms. Often involved in energy transfers and storage. |
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| CH3: consists of a carbon bonded to 3 hydrogens, only NONPOLAR group |
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| Required as a cofactor for enzymes, aka it is required for humans to have very tiny amounts of this in their system |
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| organic compound with ONLY carbon and hydrogen |
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| Outer most shell of the atom |
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| Noble gases because they have full valence electrons |
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| Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons therefore having different atomic masses |
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| Electrons in the outer most shell, they want to form an ocelot (8 electrons) therefore try and bond. |
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| weight of protons + neutrons in the nucleus |
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| How it is arranged on the periodic table, the number of protons and electrons in an uncharged atom |
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| Mass number minus atomic number |
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| Formed when outer electrons are shared between atoms, much stronger than ionic bonds |
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| Formed by covalent bonding, no charge, and no unpaired or "free" electrons |
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| the atoms are bound together by the attraction between oppositely-charged ions. For example, sodium and chloride form an ionic bond, to make table salt (NaCl) |
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| Electrically charged atom's (ions) that have gained or lost electrons |
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| an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge (since electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged). |
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| has more protons than electrons |
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| Shared electrons between atoms, each side has an equal pull, therefore equal electronegativity |
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| Differing electronegativities, thus don't equally share electrons. Results in partial positive charge on around the less electronegative and partial negative on the more electronegative atom. eg. water |
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| Atoms in the top right of the periodic table, these all have full valence electrons |
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| an ion with more protons than electrons, giving it a positive charge b/c protons are positive |
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| fats, phospholipids, and steroids |
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| Fat. Linking 3 fatty acids to glycerol produces a fat. Main function is long-term energy storage, a gram of fat stores twice as much as a gram of polysaccharide. For immobile plants the bulk is not a problem. Also insulated the body |
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| One fewer hydrogen atom on each carbon of the double bond, have kinks to prevent fat from solidifying. |
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| Fatty acids with no double bonds in their chain b/c they have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms ("saturated with hydrogen") |
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| Created by hydrogenation (adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats and turning them to saturated) a process which makes foods solid |
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| A type of lipid that structurally resemble testosterone. |
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| Protein is made from amino acid monomers linked by peptide bond |
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| Monomers of polypeptides. Have an amino and carboxyl group (this group makes it an acid), covalently bonded to a central carbon atom. HNH Can't be made but must be acquired through a diet |
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| is a covalent bond that is formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the another molecule. protein bond |
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| a molecule of two amino acids joined by one peptide bond. (shorter version of a polypeptide) |
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| Polymers of various amino acids |
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| (20 monomers) each differs in the structure of the side chain |
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| Muscular proteins involved in muscle contractions, movement of cells by cilia and flagella, and the movement of cells during cell division (mitosis) |
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| antibodies in the immune system |
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| signal proteins (communication) |
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| various types of peptide hormones and growth factors that cause cell activity such as growth, cell division, and changes in gene expression |
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| process where protein structure is altered, polypeptides chains unravel losing their shape and function. For ex. frying an egg |
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| Primary structure of a protein |
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Definition
| unique sequence of amino acids, in order for it to carry out its function these must be in the correct order. Connected by peptide bonds |
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| 3D shape, stabilized by hydrophobic groups (between NH and carbonyl groups), and disulphide bridges, folding results from interactions among amino acids |
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| programs amino sequence of a polypeptide |
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| DNA (1 type of nucleic acid) |
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| STORAGE of genetic info, double helix |
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| RNA (2nd type of nucleic acid) |
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| MESSENGER: genes encode RNA molecules through transcription, the linear sequence of genes is then decoded and used to construct the specific sequence of amino acids in proteins. Single polynucleotide chain |
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| Type of lipid, this includes cholesterol and some hormones. Anabolic steroids pose serious health risks |
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| proteins made up of more than one polypeptide |
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| Polymers of genes, genes are composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. |
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| multifunctional nucleotide used as a coenzyme, transports chemical energy |
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| SH used in the formation of a disulphide bond |
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| compound that participates in the chemical reaction that produces another compound |
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| a single type of repeat units |
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| subunits are not all the same, ie. protein with various types of aminoa acids |
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| stabilize the primary and secondary structure of the protein |
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| pyrimidine bases found in nucleic acids |
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| cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
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| Two factors responsible for electronegativity |
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Definition
| number of protons in nucleus, amount of shielding between electrons and nucleus |
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| secondary structure of a protein |
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Definition
| responsible for alpha helix and beta pleated sheets, coiling and folding produced by hydrogen bonds b/w carbonyl and NH (amino acid group) |
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| Hydrogen added to unsaturated fats. Creates transfats by transforming them to saturated and getting rid of double bonds |
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| Similar to fat, found in cell membrane |
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| lipid containing deposit in a blood vessel |
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| Programs the amino sequence of the polypeptide |
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| consists of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine) |
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| Sugar of one nucleotide bonds to the phosphate group of the next |
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| double sugars, ie. maltose and sucrose which combine to form glucose/fructose (isomers) |
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| Simple sugar monomers (fructose, glucose) used for energy/fuel, CH2O |
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| store energy, are made of glycerol and fatty acids |
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| steroid found in cell membranes, 4 rings |
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| 4 ring structure, variant of testosterone, cholesterol, modified sex hormone |
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Two monomers linked together
Three common disaccharides:
sucrose — common table sugar = glucose + fructose
lactose — major sugar in milk = glucose + galactose
maltose — product of starch digestion = glucose + glucose |
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| Structure polysaccharide, composes most of dietary fiber |
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| energy storage polysaccharide in animals |
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| energy storage polysaccharide in plants |
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| Plant fats, double bonds, don't have full amount of hydrogen attached. e.g. many oils |
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| combination of two fatty acids and molecule of glycerol, fat molecule |
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| monosaccharide with 5 carbons, found in RNA and DNA |
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| Nucleic acid used for carrying chemical energy |
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| type of nitrogenous base which makes up nucleotide, ie. adenine and guanine |
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| Mono, di, and triglycerides |
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| all fats with one two or three fatty acids and always one glycerol |
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