Term
| If you read on a website that vaccines are dangerous for your health, how do you verify the validity of this information? |
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Definition
1) look up the publishing of the study
2) look up the opinion from reputable scientific associations
3) look up weather there are other scientific studies that also support this conclusion |
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Term
| General steps of the Scientific Method: |
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Definition
1) observation
2) question
3) hypothesis
4) testing the hypothesis
5) conclusion
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Term
| what are exceptions to the germ theory of disease? |
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Definition
| cancer, cell mutations, diabetes |
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Term
| how did the use of the microscope inspire the experiment that disproved the principle of spontaneous generation? |
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Definition
| earlier thoughts of things just growing out of no where, just appearing was normal, but we now know with the help of the microscope things grown starting microscopic and build. Ex: moldy bread |
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Term
| what living characteristics are not found in viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does the slash-burn farming method interfere with the role of fungi? |
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Definition
| interrupts fungi's natural cycle in returning nutrients back to the soil because it is burned |
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Term
| what kingdoms have prokaryotic cells? |
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Definition
- eubacteria
- archaebacteria |
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Term
| what is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs organisms? |
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Definition
heterotrophs have to find food
autotrophs create their own food |
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Term
| what are the benefits of biodiversity? |
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Definition
1) keeps a healthier enviorment
2) large selection of crops, plants, trees for production of foods, products, and medicine
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Term
how does human activity decrease biodiversity?
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Definition
has a negative impact on biodiversity
- pest control
- over farming
- deforestation |
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Term
| how does a seed bank help us protect biodiversity? |
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Definition
| helps keep important plants from ever becoming extinct |
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Term
| how did the lack of biodiversity contributed to the Irish potato famine? |
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Definition
| relying on a single crop such as the potato in Ireland could lead to complete failure because all are susceptible to the same virus |
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Term
| why aren't there giant cells? |
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Definition
volume : surface area ratio
volume increases faster than surface area
diffusion of nutrients and waste in and out of the cell |
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Term
| what are benefits of multicellularity? |
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Definition
1) overcome limitation of cell size
2) large size: defense, specialization |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to distinguish between objects that are close together |
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Term
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Definition
- difference in intensity between two objects, or between an object and background
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Term
| how can you increase contrast to view a specimen using a microscope? |
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Definition
1) staining
2) use of light that is in phase |
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Term
| what are the differences between a light and an electron microscope? |
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Definition
light microscope- uses light to magnify object
-limitation: magnification and resolution
electron microscope- uses electrons to magnify objects
-limitations: can't study live cells |
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Term
what are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
- prokaryotic cells lack organelles, particularly a nucleus
- eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other organelles.
they also tend to be larger than prokaryotes
- the cell division in different in both |
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Term
| why are viruses are not considered living things? |
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Definition
- they do not reproduce
- they do not have cells |
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Term
what are the differences between the lytic and lysogen cycles?
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Definition
lytic cycle: kills the host cell in a short period of time
normal replication cycle in bacteriophage's
lysogen cycle: genome stays dormant in the host cell until something disrupts it and makes it continue the normal lytic cycle |
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Term
what are the steps in binary fission?
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Definition
1) cell replicates its DNA
2) cytoplasmic membrane elongates, separating DNA molecules
3) cross wall forms; membrane invaginates
4) cross wall forms completely
5) daughter cells may seperate
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Term
| why are endospores problematic to human health? |
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Definition
dangerous cells that form in harsh enviorments
endospores are a concern:
-food: botulism
-health: tetanus
-security: anthrax |
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Term
nuclear division
(mitosis) |
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Definition
the process of producing exact copies of the "parent" cells chromosomes and segregating the into two separate nuclei
- division of the nucleus
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Term
| what are the four stages in of mitosis in cell division ? |
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Definition
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
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Term
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Definition
-DNA condenses
-2 copies of chromosome pair into sister chromatids that attach at centromere
-formation of centromere and spindle occur
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Term
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Definition
the spindle attaches to the sister chromatids at the centrosome and aligns the chromosomes in the middle of the cell
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Term
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Definition
| the chromatids are cut apart and the sister chromatids rapidly seperate |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 nuclei form and recreate the nucleoli |
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Term
| how can a normal cell become a cancer cell |
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Definition
| when the regulatory signals for the cell cycle aren't working correctly |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| regions where RNA is synthesized |
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Term
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Definition
involved in synthesis and transport
- smooth: lipids
- rough: proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| produce most of the cells ATP |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- out barrier of the cell
- selectively permeable to substances
- regulates the entry and exit of molecules
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Term
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Definition
| receives, processes, and packages large molecules for export from cell |
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Term
3 types of vesicles
animal |
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Definition
- peroxisome
- food vaculoe
- lysosomes
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Term
vesicle: peroxisome
animal/plant |
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Definition
| contain enzymes that detoxify substances such as toxins and waste products |
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Term
vesicle: food vaculoe
animal |
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Definition
| contains engulfed food. lysosomes fuse with this vesicle to deliver enzymes to digest food |
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Term
vesicle: lysosomes
animal |
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Definition
| enzymes that digest food items engulfed by the cell |
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Term
cell division organelle
animal |
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Definition
organize spindle during cell division
- centrosome is the microtubule organizing spindle
- centriole help organize the spindle |
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Term
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Definition
- provides support, protection and structure
- strengthens cell surface |
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Term
central vaculoe/tonoplast
plant |
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Definition
| stores substances, retains water to give the plant cell rigidity and support (allows plant to stand upright) |
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Term
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Definition
| perform photosynthesis to build carbohydrates using CO2, water and energy from sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
| allows cell-to-cell communication |
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Term
| if an animal cell ingested a bacterium, in which compartment will this bacterium be found? |
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Definition
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Term
| you forgot to water your plants and they are wilting. which cellular structure decreased in size and caused your plant to wilt? |
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Definition
| central vacuole/tonoplast |
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Term
| organization levels of multicellular animal: |
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Definition
smallest to largest level
- atom
- molecule
- macromolecule
- organelle
- cells
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
- organism
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Term
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Definition
| the separation of the two "daughter" cells |
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Term
| how is the cell cycle controlled? |
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Definition
| by "stop" and "go" proteins that signal the cell to stop or proceed through cell division. the proteins work at checkpoints in the cell cycle |
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Term
| how does cytokinesis begin? |
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Definition
| w/ a cleavage furrow, a narrow groove in the middle of the diving cell |
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Term
| What are the two major checkpoints in the cell cycle control and their purpose? |
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Definition
1) g1 checkpoint- make sure DNA is not damaged, verify there is enough energy and proteins to complete cell cycle
*cells that aren't ready are called g0
2) g2 checkpoint- make sure DNA replicated correctly, and verify the environment for mitosis |
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Term
| what are the phases that occur during interphase in the cell cycle? |
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Definition
- g1: cell growth
- s: DNA replication
- g2: preparation for division
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Term
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Definition
| changes in the DNA (mutations) encoding important cell cycle regulatory signals |
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Term
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Definition
| an attempt to better understand the natural world around us |
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