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| Antagonistic Pleitropy Hypothesis |
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| the case in which the multiple pleiotropic effects of a single gene work in opposite directions with respect to fitness (Williams) |
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| Part of Hawk/Dove game theory- a strategy in which you fight if intruder dont fight if territory holder |
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| any stimulus considered positive, pleasant, or rewarding |
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| a warning signal involving coloration, bright contrasting colors presenting toxicity-predators recognize and learn to avoid |
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| mechanism to avoid predator- drop appendage to avoid being caught |
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| any stimulus (shock or noxious odor) that is associated with unpleasant experience |
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| another warning signal- when a non-toxic species copies coloration of a toxic one like monarchs that make blue jays sick |
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| form of behavioral parasitism in which females place their eggs in the nests of others, often from another species, who raise the young as their own |
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| Hawk/Dove game theory strategy that is fight if in home territory otherwise dont fight (costly to leave) |
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| type of cooperation in which an individual pays an immediate cost or penalty for not acting cooperatively, such that the immediate net benefit of cooperating outweighs that of cheating |
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| found from a study of longevity that it leads to longer lifespan in laboratory animals *and maybe humans |
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| Classical (Pavlonian) Conditioning |
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| Comparative Psychology- lab experiments and focused on learned behaviors--> experimental pairing of a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus |
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| information sent from signaler to receiver modalities include: visual signals, sound/vocalizations, vibrations, electrical pulses, ripple on water surface, and chemicals |
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| Cooperative breeding is a social system in which individuals help care for young that are not their own, at the expense of their own... |
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| stress hormone- influences loser effects. once lose match increased levels |
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| the ability of an organism to avoid observation or detection by other organisms- camouflage (change color, adornment of body, substrate settlement) |
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| hidden mate choice- females select which sperm transferred during copulation are used in actual fertilization |
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| in realm of territoriality- recognize neighbors and less aggressive than stranger-respond to same species (hormones) defend |
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| a strategy adopted by prey to reduce the effect of predators, by which the prey congregates in large numbers so that a predator can only remove a small proportion of the total (safety in numbers- lesslikely to be killed in pack) |
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| under certain conditions, beneficial for organisms to divert some energy in and resources away from maintanence and repair that is associated with traits that have little connection to reproduction and invest such energy in traits related to reproduction |
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extreme form of sociality in which there is cooperative brood care, division of labor, and overlapping generations (seen in wasps, ants, bees
work for reproductivity of another) |
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| Evolutionary Stable Strategy |
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| if used by almost everyone in a population, will not decrease in frequency when new mutant strategies arise (game theory- tit-for-tat) |
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| copulations that occur outside the context of pair bond-socially monogamous species sometimes not always so faithful- inseminated by nonsocial partner |
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| flight initiation distance |
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| distance at which prey begin to flee from predator |
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| found in intersexual selection, in which part of handicap principle of honest signaling of male quality= potential measure, most bilateral, more symmetrical appearance reflects greater overall fitness |
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| A technique for recording the behavior of individual animals in which the observer concentrates on the activities of one individual for a set time period-does a case study and then switches to watch another animal for a set time period. |
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| females choose males with good genes- choose males with trait that indicate good health and vigor, best suited to their environment- will receive "indirect benefits" in sense that their offspring will receive some good genes |
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| becoming less sensitive to stimuli over time- seen in simple learning type |
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| (Erb-c>0 : benefits to relatives outweigh the cost to individual- the decision to aid family members is a function of how related individuals are and how high or low costs and benefits associated with the trait turn out to be |
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| specifically proposes that females choose males with features that are honest indicators of low parasite load (parasite resistance) |
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| always fight- whatever the competition |
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| proportion of variance in trait that is due to genetic variance |
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| delineated, undefended area in which an animal spends most of its time- area of regular use habitat has survival necessities biotic and abiotic factors |
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| abnormal appetite for food- eat more and more preparing for migration |
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| mathematical model developed to predict how animals will distribute themselves among habitats with varying levels of resource availability |
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| type of social learning- acquisition of novel behavior after observing it (operant conditioning?) |
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| classical ethologist- konrad lorenz-A rapid learning process by which a newborn or very young animal establishes a behavior pattern of recognition and attraction to another animal of its own kind or to a substitute or an object identified as the parent. |
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| piece of intrasexual selection- (primates and lions) social unit: females stay male takes over if can and kill other males offspring (female now more receptive) |
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| cognition study- an animal's ability to solve problems suddenly, without the benefit of prior experience (eureka) sultan example |
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| selection based on mate choice (choosier) individuals of one sex choose which individuals of the other sex to take as mates (direct benefit, good genes hypothesis, arbitrary female choice, sexual imprinting, and mate-choice copying) |
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| form of sexual selection whereby members of one sex compete with each other for access to the other sex (exclusive access to territory, alternative strategies, sperm competition, mate guarding, interference, and infanticide) |
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| areas in which groups of males set up and defend small, temporary territorial patches and in which they display to females, specifically to attract females to mate with them |
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| phenomenon in which an individual is drawn to a particular area because it observed another individual to that location (social learning) |
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| play behaviors in which animals leap, jump, twist, shake (no immediate benefit) |
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| increased probabilty of losing a fight at time T based on losing at time T-1 T-2 and so on (more likely to lose next conflict) |
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| animal should leave patch when its intake rate reaches the overall average of the habitat (equation) |
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| act of copying mate choice of another- intersexual selection (guppies females have limited time and experience learn from others) |
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| movement of organisms over long distances (often in a seasonal manner) costs and benefits, orientation and navigation, inheritance and preparing for migration |
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| The Monty Hall problem is a probability puzzle loosely based on the American television game show Let's Make a Deal and named after the show's original host, Monty Hall. The problem, also called the Monty Hall paradox, is a veridical paradox because the result appears impossible but is demonstrably true. |
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| a warning signal when toxic species evolve to be similar |
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| common finding in aging animals, fearing new things |
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| intersexual selection- direct benefit, prey presented by members of one sex to members of another during courtship could be body parts whole body spermatophores (scorpion flies) |
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| centers on use of inanimate objects |
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| Oblique Cultural Transmission |
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| form of cultural transmission in which info passed across generations but not from parent to offspring |
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| comparative psychology- bf skinner- associative learning- reinforcer appetitive stimulus and aversive stimulus to encourage certain behaviors |
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| Optimal diet choice model |
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what to eat, calculate profitability rank by that and always eat most profitable when encountered
E2/H2> E1/H1+S1 |
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| phenotypic behaviors unique to certain individual |
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| mating system wherein females mate with more than one male per breeding season |
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| mating system wherein several males form pair bonds with several females simultaneously |
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| mating system wherein males mate with more than one female per breeding season |
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| model developed to predict the conditions under which a mating system will move from monogamy to polygyny (or vice versa) |
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| game theory payoff matrix used to study evolution of cooperation best if one deflects other cooperates (T>R>P>S) |
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| Proximate explanations for behavior |
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| focus on immediate causation |
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| exchange of altruistic acts- helping with probability it will be returned (ex bats) unrelated |
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| measure of the probability a gene is found in two individuals through shared ancestry |
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| depends on polygyny or polyandry the sex that is competing for females or males has the greater variance because there will be greater pressure and there may be few winners and many losers |
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| Residual reproductive value |
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| the expected relative contribution of an individual to its population by reproduction for all stages of its life cycle subsequent to present |
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| Risk-sensitive optimal foraging models |
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| mathematical model that examines how variance in food supplies affects foraging behaviors---if starving organism will more likely take risks when choosing food source than organism not as hungry |
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| model of sexual selection in which the genes for mate choice in the female and the genes for preferred raits in males become genetically linked (arbitrary- reinforced) |
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| age-specific decline in the probability of survival (telemeres shorten) |
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| Sequential Assessment Model |
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| model of fighting in which in indvidiual continually assesses its opponents fighting ability during different stages of an aggressive interaction and decides whether or not to continue in such an interaction based on the assessment it has made |
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| family strife and sibliing rivalry- |
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| with BF skinner- a Skinner box is a chamber that contains a bar or key that an animal can press or manipulate in order to obtain food or water as a type of reinforcement. The Skinner box also had a device that recorded each response provided by the animal as well as the unique schedule of reinforcement that the animal was assigned |
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| grooming of another individual, usually by scratching or licking area of skin, remove parasites and solidify social bonds- ex of cooperation |
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| playing with others, may lead to foging of longlasting social bonds and provide social skills help development of cognitive skills |
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| aids in migration- seen in monarchs, internal clock position of the sun |
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| behavior that occurs when one individual serves as instructor and at least one other individual acts as a student and learns from instructor- more active and complicated role than just a model- requires action with no other benefit |
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| delineated, defended area- |
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| Tinbergen's four questions |
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| (1) survival value or adaptive function, (2) phylogenetic history, (3) individual development, and (4) causal mechanisms such as hormonal mediation of behavior. |
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| behavioral strategy that instructs a player to initially cooperate with a new partner and subsequently to do whatever that partner does |
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| based on asking questions that relate to the evolution of a trait |
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| Vertical Cultural Transmission |
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| cultural transmission in which info is passed directly from parents to offspring |
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| model of fighting in which animals display aggressively to one another without actually fighting, and the winner of the encounter is the individual that displays the longest (combatants cannot asses the others ability fighting is not too costly but increases with time each reach threshold until one quits predicts distribution of contest duration |
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| more likely to win next contest, usually the bigger, testosterone |
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| behavior changes, Zugunruhe involves increased activity towards and after dusk with changes in the normal sleep pattern |
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