Term
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Definition
| an atom that has more neutrons than other atoms of the same element. carbon is an example. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the energy that matter stores because of it's position or location. |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of e- in the outermost shell, the valence shell. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3d space where an electron is found 90% of the time, come in s,p,d, and f. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by atoms |
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Term
| What is the difference between Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds? |
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Definition
polar- the e- aren't shared equally. one atom is more electronegative
nonpolar- the e- are shared equally |
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Term
| Define electronegativity? |
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Definition
| the attraction of the eletrons, how strong. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms are so unequal in electronegativity that one atom takes the e- from another. make salts |
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Term
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Definition
| when a charge is positive, it's a cation. When the charge is negative it's an anion. |
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Term
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Definition
| covalent bond, electropositive slightly attracted to electronegative. Very weak bond. NH3 and H2O |
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Term
| Van Der Waals Interactions? |
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Definition
| a weak bond where there are 'hot spots' or positive or negative. |
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Term
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Definition
Component of all living matter
internal transport system
dissolves and dissociates molecules
hydolysis, dehydration synthesis.
cohesive, stick together. |
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Term
| Kinetic Energy? Heat? Temperature? |
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Definition
| the energy of movement. Heat is a measure of the total amount of KE temp is the intensity of heat due to average KE |
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Term
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Definition
| and substance that increases the [H] in water. ex. HCl |
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Term
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Definition
| a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mizture of two or more substances. |
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Term
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Definition
solvent is the dissolving agent in solution
solute is what the solvent was dissolved in. |
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Term
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Definition
| solution where water is the solvent. |
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Term
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Definition
| ionic or polar, any substance that has an affinity for water. |
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Term
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Definition
| any substance that does not have an affinity for water. ex oil nonpolar covalent bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. ex NH3 or NaOH |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains the pH, particularily human blood. carbonic acid H2CO3 |
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Term
| What is Organic Chemistry? |
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Definition
| The study of carbon and it's compounds. |
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Term
| Properties of Carbon Skeletons? |
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Definition
| vary in length. carbon backbone, hydrogen branches or nitrogen, can be strait or in rings, can have double bonds. |
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Term
| Characteristics of hydrocarbons? |
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Definition
| H attatched to carbon skeleton. no in living organisms, nonpolar, store large amounts of energy. hydrophobic |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and different properties. |
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Term
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Definition
| Differ in the covalent arrangments of their atoms. branches look different |
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Term
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Definition
| differ in their arrangements about a double bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| two molecules that are mirror images of each other. Thalidomide, one type reduced morning sickness, one type caused birth defects. |
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Term
| What are the Functional Groups? there are six of them. |
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Definition
| -contribute to the molecular diversity of life- components of organic molecules most commonly involved in chemical reactions. |
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Term
| Discuss the Hydroxl Group |
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Definition
| h atom is bonded to an oxygen atom which in turn is bonded to a carbon skeleton. Called alcohols. end in 'ol' (ethanol). They are polar covalent bonds, and water soluble. |
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Term
| Discuss the Carbonyl Group. |
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Definition
| Carbon and oxygen connected by a double bond, on the end of a C.S is an aldehyde, in the middle is a ketone. |
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Term
| Discuss the Carboxyl Group. |
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Definition
| COOH oxygen double bonded to carbon, also bonded to OH. Known as carboxylic acids. h dissociates easily. |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens then to a C.S. Called amines. Acts as bases. |
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Term
| Discuss the Sulfhydryl Group? |
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Definition
| SH, compounds containing are called thiols. Help stabalize the structure of a protein. |
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Term
| Discuss the Phosphate Group? |
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Definition
| anion formed by dissociation of H3PO4, H leaving causes the phosphate to have 2 negative charges. They transfer engery between organic molecules. |
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Term
| What is a polymer? Monomer? |
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Definition
| a long molecule consisting of many similair building blocks linked covalent bonds. monomer are building blocks |
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Term
| What is a condensation, or dehydration reaction? |
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Definition
| two covalently bonded molecules through the loss of a water molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| when a water molecule breaks up a polymer into a monomer. ex digestion. |
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Term
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Definition
| sugars and their polymers. simplest are monosaccharides, disaccharides are double...polysaccharides many sugars. |
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Term
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Definition
| CH2O, have carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. glucuse. ends in ose. in aqueous solution, they form rings. |
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Term
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Definition
| two mono's joined by a glycosidic linkage. glucose and another makes= maltose, sucros, and lactose. |
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Term
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Definition
| macromolecules, thousands of mono's. ex. Starch. Store energy. Water soluble, glycogen, in muscle and liver is an energy bank. |
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Term
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Definition
| a major component in plants, not water soluble, animals can't digest it, |
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Term
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Definition
| insoluble, non polar in water, fats phospholipids, steroids very hydrophobic, no polymers consist mostly of hydrocarbons. |
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Term
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Definition
| made from two kind of:glycerol and fatty acids. glycerol-alcohol F.A-long c.s hydrophobic carbon chain. 3 triglyceral, saturated and un, sat have all h and c, un have double bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrogen is added to unsaturated fats, makes them saturated, it produces trans fats. very bad. |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to fats but have only two acid tails rather than three.head like water, tail hate water. micelle circle of phospho, bilayer, like cell membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 fused rings of C.S. fcn group attatched causes differences. ex cholesterol. sex hormones, stress hormones, vit d, A |
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Term
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Definition
| keeps our bodies from melting, made by liver, high cholesterol is genetic, HDL and LDL |
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Term
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Definition
| 50% of our dry weight, give energy, building block of cellular struc. muscle movement, hormonnes, enzymes, protection. all polymers made from 20 diff amino acids, |
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Term
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Definition
polymers of amino acids in protein.
have an r group to make them different, amino group, oh carboxyl |
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Term
| What are R groups and why are they important? |
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Definition
| different with every amino acid. some are polar non, or ionically charged, if it had a non polar is wouldn't dissolve, polar would dissolve and dissociate. |
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Term
| Primary Structure of protein structure? |
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Definition
| chain of amino acids location is important. slight change is catastrophic, sickle cell, |
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Term
| Secondary Structure of Protein. |
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Definition
| amino acids include h-bonds that makes them attracted to each other, beta pleated sheet or an alpha helix |
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Term
| Tertiary Structure of Proteins? |
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Definition
| irregular folding due to attraction between amino acids. h bond, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridge, ionic bond, vandervals |
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Term
| Quaternary Structure of Proteins? |
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Definition
| 2 or more polypeptides linking together to form a protein. hbond, vanderwals,disulfide,ionic,covalent, collagen, hemoglobin, globular proteins, botox. |
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Term
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Definition
| if physical or chemical conditions around a protein change, it can denature,lose it's shape, making it inactive. heat, ph, straight hair, cook an egg, salt sol'n, shaking |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA and RNA enable us to reproduce cells and complex components. nitrogenous base joined by hydrogen bonding genetics, dna codes for proteins, rna is messenger. |
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Term
| Exergonic and Endergonic Rxns. |
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Definition
Exer-release energy, occur spontan.
Ender-Absorb energy, not spontan. |
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Term
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Definition
| the totality of an organism's chemical rxns. what happens when molecules interact. |
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Term
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Definition
involves breaking down complicated molecules into simpler ones. Protein
---> Animo Acid --> energy is released. |
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Term
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Definition
simple---> complex molecule
requires energy. |
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Term
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy cannot be created or destroyed |
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Term
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| all things go to a degree of randomness |
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Term
| Energy of Activation and Catalysts. |
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Definition
e of a- amount of e requierd to overcome the threshold.
catalysts lower the e of a speed up the rxn, most are enzymes in bio.. |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic process. ATP mediates most energy coupling in cells. |
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Term
| A cell does three main kinds of work, what are those? all powered by? |
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Definition
mechanical-beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells.
transport-moving against directions
chemical-overcoming e of a
ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| adenosine triphosphate has a nitrogenous base adenine bonded to ribose. When phosphate leaves cause of hydrolysis, energy is released exergonic, becomes ADP |
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Term
| How does ATP Perform Work? |
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Definition
| It gets help from enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| catalytic proteins that keep all the chemical rxns going |
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Term
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Definition
| the initial investment of energy for starting a reaction the energy required to break bonds. |
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Term
| Describe how an enzyme catalyses a reaction? |
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Definition
| the substate binds to the active site of the enzyme. add water, products are released. one with an OH, one with a H. most are reversible. |
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Term
| What is a cofactor, or coenzyme? |
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Definition
| a nonprotein helper for the catalytic activity. bind to active site or substrate. Most vitamins are these. |
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Term
| Enzyme Inhibitors? Competitive, and noncompetitive? |
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Definition
| inhibits the rxn. cpmpet. bind to the active site, increasing concent. of substrate can help. noncomp bind to another part and change shape of enzyme. some poisons work this way. |
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Term
| How do you regulate enzyme activity? |
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Definition
| molecules bind to the allosteric site to change the shape. can inhibit or stimulate. allosteric enzymes made from two or more polypeptide chains |
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Term
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Definition
| When an end product of a reaction acts as an inhibitor and stops more reactions happening. Helps regulate metabolic pathways. |
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Term
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Definition
| amplifies the response of enzymes to subrtates. when one substrate changes the shape of an enzyme binded to other, which changes all the others shapes so that they can bind easier. |
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Term
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Definition
1. basic components of life
2.biological structure separated from the environment by a membrane.
3.capable of all the activities of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| single celled, package of dna, ribosomes for protein synthesis, plasma membrane, flagella, divide by binary fissoin, first cells on earth. |
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Term
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Definition
| have organelles, bigger, have nucleus |
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Term
| Viruses, what are they like? |
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Definition
| nucleic acid on the inside, a protein coat , then a lipid coat on the 3rd layer stolen from a cell, our cells recognize that and take the virus in.. |
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Term
| Talk about the nucleus and nuclear envelope? |
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Definition
nucleus contains genes, dna. chromatin
nucleolus contains rna makes ribosomes go through pores in envelope. envelope double membrane with poreds and a lipid bylayer. |
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Term
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Definition
| made of robosomal rns and protein, carry out protein synthesis, each has a large and small subunit.Free r's are in cytoplasm, bound r's are attatched to the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| What is a part of the Endomembrane System? |
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Definition
| nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and the plasma membrane. |
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Term
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum is? |
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Definition
| important to make lipids, oil, phospholipids, and steroids. sex hormoenes. helps to detoxify us, gives calcium, part of the metabolic process. |
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Term
| What does the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum do? |
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Definition
| makes secretory proteins, most are glycoproteins. they leave the cisteral bubbled in a transport vesicle, grows itself from ribosomes. |
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Term
| What is the Function of the Golgi Apparatus? |
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Definition
| the transport vesicles go here after going out of the er. Warehouse, it modifies and stores protien then ships it. CIS face recieves, the Trans Face ships. |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that cells use to digest macromolecules.work best in pH5 cells renew themselves this way by lysosomes eating crap and recycling it into good stuff. |
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Term
| phagocytosis and autophagy? |
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Definition
phagocytosis when something engulfs something.
autophagy. lysosome eating stuffin cell to recycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| storage units plants vacuoles regulate water. |
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Term
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Definition
| sites of cellular respiration, the process that generates ATP. outer smooth layer, inner cristae , the squiggly lines. matrix is stuff inside. contains enzymes,1 makes atp. |
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Term
| Chloroplasts do what and are what? |
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Definition
| sites of photosynthesis related to plastids.2 membranes, thylakoids(stacked green stuff), fluid outside is the stroma which contains dna and ribos, enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| special metabolic compartment, contain enzymes that transfer H to oxygen. use it to break some fatty acids down. form in the cytosol. |
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Term
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Definition
| network of fibers extending througout the cytoplasm. organizes the structures and activities of a cell. |
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Term
| Motor Molecules in the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
| when atp is added they can make motor molecules move along microtubules and move organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
| in cytoplasm, hollow rods of protein. shape and support the cell. |
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Term
| Centrosomes and Centrioles |
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Definition
| microtubule grow from these. organize cytoskeleton, supporting bars to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| F-part of cell 9 pair microtub plus 2 in middle. cilia-beat and carry crap out of throat. identical in shape to centriol.9*3. called basal body. |
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Term
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Definition
| bear the tensions, cell motility, involved in muscle, myosin movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| hold plants against gravity. microfibrils made of cellulose very strong. primary wall, middle lamella glues cells together, 2ndary wall strong and durable. |
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Term
| Extracellular Matrix(ECM) |
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Definition
| mainly glycoproteins, collagen example, the glycoproteins binde to recepter cells to tell the cytoplasm how it's changing. |
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Term
| Cells are connected by plasmodesmata |
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Definition
| channels in the cell membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| membranes of neighbour cells are fused. prevents leaks |
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Term
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Definition
| fastens cells into strong sheets have filaments for reinforcememnt |
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