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Definition
| The action of parasites, predators, or pathogens in maintaining another organism’s population density at a lower average than would occur in their absence |
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| the effect of a parasitoid on its host |
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| the effect of a parasite on its host |
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| the effect of a predator on its host |
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| size of parasitoid relative to its host |
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| size of parasite relative to its host |
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| size of predator relative to its host |
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| number of host a parasitoid has |
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| number of host a parasite has |
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| number of host a predator has |
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| location of immature parasitoids |
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Definition
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| location of immature parasites |
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| location of immature predators |
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| where immature parasitoids get their nutrition |
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Definition
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| where immature parasites get their nutrition |
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Definition
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| where immature predators get their nutrition |
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Definition
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| location of adults parasitoids |
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Definition
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| location of adults parasites |
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Definition
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| location of adults predators |
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Definition
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| where adult parasitoids get their nutrition |
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Definition
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| where adult parasites get their nutrition |
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Definition
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| where adult predators get their nutrition |
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Definition
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| some orders parasitoids can be found in and some details about each |
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Definition
-Hymenoptera: Numerous families; largest group of parasitoids; most important group
-Diptera: Various families (Tachinidae, Sarcophagidae)
-Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing parasite*
-Coleoptera: Meloidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae
-Neuroptera: Mantispidae* |
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Term
| some details about the order Hymenoptera |
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Definition
-Bees, ants wasps
-Numerous families
-largest group of parasitoids
-most important group
-contains the largest number of parasitoids
-most important in biological control of the parasitoids, at least numerically
-This is a very large order both taxonomically and biologically, with very diverse organisms that comprise bees, ants, and wasps |
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| some details about the order Diptera |
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Definition
-Flies
-Various families (Tachinidae, Sarcophagidae)
-in Georgia in the southeastern United States in general, in the past few years parasitoids in the family Phoridae have become quite notorious; within this family, several species of fly have been released in the region for biological control of the fire ant; these are the so-called decapitating flies |
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| 2 families within the order Diptera that are especially well represented by parasitoids |
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Definition
-Tachinidae
-Sarcophagidae |
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| some details about the order Strepsiptera |
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Definition
-Twisted-wing parasite
-a small one that is entirely made up of parasitoid, although some are closer to being true parasites
-relatively small order of just a few hundred species, but they are very odd parasitoids
-They attack bees, wasps, various leaf hoppers and plant hoppers, and a few other species
-Females are wingless and live their lives inside the host, typically protruding from the host body as they mature and become fully reproductive
-Adults, on the other hand, emerge from the host with wings and are quite bizarre looking
-The females produce a large number of offspring, in the form of functional larvae rather than eggs. These larvae are referred to as triungulins, and they actively leave the mother’s body and search out new hosts |
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| some details about the order Coleoptera |
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Definition
-contains beetles in the families Meloidae, Carabidae, and Staphylinidae
-Among the beetles there are several families that have representatives with parasitoid lifestyles. One that has been used in biological control programs is a subfamily in the family Carabidae, the subfamily Lebiinae, which includes beetles that are parasitoids of leaf beetles, including the Colorado potato beetle.
-An interesting group of parasitoids is found in the family Meloidae, which are commonly known as the blister beetles.
-The adults of all species are known to be plant feeders, whereas larvae are either parasitic or predaceous. The parasitoids attack ground-nesting bees.
-The eggs are typically laid on the ground, and the larvae are active triungulins that go hunting for hosts, or bait the hosts, as the cluster of triungulins shown here is mimicking a bee and when a male becomes to mate with it, instead finds himself crawling with triungulins that he carries back to the nest. |
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Term
| some details about the order Neuroptera |
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Definition
-sometimes included among the parasitoids
-has a single family exhibiting such behavior (Mantispidae) |
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Term
| some details about the family Mantispidae |
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Definition
-Mantispidae are fairly specialized on spider egg cases.
-The female lays masses of eggs as shown here on the stem, in the newly hatched larvae make their way to spider a cases.
-They enter the egg case before molting to the next life stage, which has reduced legs.
-They spend their entire immature life in the host egg case.
-The close relationship of Mantispidae with spiders, and specialized larval stages for survival in the host egg case have suggested to some that they should be classified as parasitoids.
-Others have argued that they are essentially specialized predators because each immature mantispid must consume multiple prey to complete its development. |
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| depiction of parasitoids related to trophic levels |
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Definition
[image]
We typically have a basal host that is an herbivore. This herbivore is attacked by a primary parasitoid. But primary parasitoids can themselves be attacked by parasitoids which can be referred to as secondary parasitoids. These in turn on occasion may be attacked by another trophic level of parasitoids, which are termed tertiary parasitoids. |
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Definition
| Parasitizes host previously parasitized by another parasitoid species; displaces previous parasitoid |
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Definition
| Develops in or on life stages of another parasitoid; may be secondary or tertiary parasitoids, and may be facultative or obligate |
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| Restricted to single species, genus, or family |
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Definition
| Subjective term; typically means that the parasitoid has a limited host range but is not tightly restricted to just one or a few species |
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| Attacks variety of host taxa (usually multiple families or orders) |
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| Male on one host, female on another |
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Definition
| develop on the inside of the host |
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Definition
| develop on the outside of the host |
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Definition
| develop individually within the host |
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| develop in groups within a host |
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Definition
a single egg yields a single embryo
this is characteristic of most parasitoids |
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Definition
| multiple embryos are produced by single egg |
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| classes of parasitoids based on the host stage utilized |
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Definition
-egg parasitoid
-larval parasitoid
-egg-larval parasitoid |
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Definition
| lay their eggs inside of host eggs, and complete the development inside the egg |
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| develop entirely within the host larvae |
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| I think this refers to parasitoids capable of spanning multiple life stages |
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Definition
| virgin females are capable of reproducing |
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| some forms of parthenogenesis |
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Definition
-Arrhenotokous
-Deuterotokous
-Thelytokous
-Adelphoparasitism |
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Definition
Females arise from fertilized eggs, males from unfertilized
this is the most common form of parthenogenesis |
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Definition
this is another form of parthenogenesis
This is rather vague and it’s unclear if it is a separate classification in reality, or merely a more extreme form of arrhenotokous. In this case, males are produced relatively rarely compared to females. |
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Definition
Females arise from unfertilized eggs
this is another form of parthenogenesis, and in this case males are essentially nonexistent, and daughters are produced without fertilization by unmated females
Most cases of this form of sex determination appear to be related to infections of sex modifying bacteria such as Wolbachia. |
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Definition
Males (from unfertilized eggs) develop as hyperparasitoids of conspecific (or sometimes other species) females; also referred to as heteronomous parasitoids; Aphelinidae
This refers to an odd form of arrhenotoky where males develop as hyperparasitoids on females of their own or another species. These parasitoids are also referred to as heteronomous parasitoids. |
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| 2 classes of effects of paradsitoids on hosts |
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Definition
Host ceases to feed, grow or metamorphose after parasitism; or non-growing host stages parasitized; makes do
In this case the parasitoid causes the host to stop feeding and growing. In most cases the parasitoid paralyzes its host and the offspring must use the resources that are available at the time of oviposition. |
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Definition
After parasitism the host continues to feed, grow, and metamorphose to a certain point, when the host is killed
This refers to parasitoids that allow their host to continue to grow after oviposition. In this case, females allocate offspring to hosts not on the basis of what is currently available, but rather on the basis of what they anticipate becoming available during the lifespan of the offspring. At some point then, the offspring themselves will kill the host. |
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Definition
-Parasitoid of caterpillars
-Responds to plant volatiles
-This is a wasp in the family Braconidae. It has a fairly broad host range within the lepidopteran (moth) family Noctuidae. It attacks young caterpillars, and allows them to continue developing (it is a koinobiont). This parasitoid is native to the United States and is a valuable biological control agent. It is highly responsive to volatile chemical cues, and has been heavily studied for this trait. |
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| picture of Cotesia marginiventris |
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