Term
| what are the 6 scientific studies of the processes of aging and the problems associated with it |
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Definition
| chronological, biological (senescence), psychological, sociological, economic, medical (geriatrics) |
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Term
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Definition
| the organic process of growing older and showing the effects of increasing age |
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Term
| when does natural aging begin and when does it accelerate? |
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Definition
| begins at physical maturity 16-18; accelerates after 30 |
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Term
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Definition
| normal, irreversible developmental changes in a living organism over chronological time |
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Term
| progressive functional decline |
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Definition
| deterioration of physiological function |
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Term
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Definition
sarcopenia
increase chance of dementia
decrease immun response
increased opacity in the lens of eyes
loss of hearing in high frequency range
skilled motor movements are slowed
reduction in stage 3 and 4 sleep
decline in ability to learn new information
large decrement in olfactory function |
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Term
| human life expectancy in 1900? in 2000? |
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Definition
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Term
| most people in developed countries die of ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| every 8.64/8.66 years, ones mortality rate ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| diseases of the heart make up ___% of deaths |
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Definition
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Term
| diabetes does not cause ___ but leads to _____ problems then death |
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Definition
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Term
| malignant neoplasm is ____ cause of death |
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Definition
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Term
| functional decreases after 19 (12 types) |
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Definition
| height, weight of muscle and bone, metabolic rate, some memory functions, reaction times, sexual activity, smelling, hearing, kidney function, pulmonary function, immune function, exercise performance |
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Term
| super centenarians are over what age? |
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Definition
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Term
| successful agers maintain ____ until near death vs usual agers who experiences slow ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| in successful agers, all systems age _____. In normal people 1 to 2 systems age _____ resulting in earlier death. |
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Definition
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Term
| what are two methods used to study aging? |
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Definition
| descriptive studies (correlational data) and controlled experiments (causation) |
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Term
| what are two types of descriptive studies? |
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Definition
| cross section studies (point in time) and longitudinal studies (individuals over time) |
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Term
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Definition
| older individuals do not appear to be weaker, less agile, less reproductive, more susceptible to disease or otherwise less fit; rougheye rockfish (205), lake sturgeon (152), Aidabra tortoise (152) US eastern box turtle (100) |
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Term
| what are the two types of theories about what causes aging? |
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Definition
| damaged based and programmed based |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulated damage originating in byproducts of metabolism or inefficient repair system; inevitable aging |
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Term
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Definition
| damaged based; errors in transcription lead to errors in DNA, creating an amplifying loop that leads to aging and cell death |
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Term
| What two facts support Orgel's hypothesis? What fact disproves his hypothesis? |
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Definition
| damaged proteins accumulate with age; some enzymes lost catalytic activity; disproves: most proteins do not change with age |
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Term
| Energy Consumption Hypothesis |
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Definition
| damaged based; born with potential amount of energy to spend; relationship between metabolic rate, body size, and longevity; longer lived animals spend fewer calories/gram of body mass |
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Term
| Free Radical hypothesis (reactive oxygen species) |
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Definition
| damaged based; highly reactive molecules damage cellular components and cause cell death; exogenous source: UV; endogenous: mitochondria; antioxidants in cell neutralize |
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Term
| What fact supports the free radical hypothesis? What two facts disprove the hypothesis? |
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Definition
| genetic changes to fruit fly that increase anti-oxidant activity or increase repair enzymes prolonged life; disprove: supplying lots of anti-oxidants does not extend life; more evidence for organ damage than death of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| damaged based; accumulated damage to DNA leads to aging; DNA damage rate does not increase but the repair enzymes are defective |
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Term
| Progeria syndromes (premature aging) have ________ ________ enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
| telomerase hyperactivity is linked to _____ ______ and _____ |
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Definition
| cellular transformation and cancer |
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Term
| Haytlick phenomenon: aged cells with proliferative potential exhibit telomere ____ and loss of telomerase _____; when depleted the cells cease to ______ |
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Definition
| shortening; activity; replicate |
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Term
| telomere length and telomerase activity might be clinical markers of human _____ and _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| dietary restriction increased _______ and slowed ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| rats restricted by ___% but still receiving a nutritious diet lived ___% longer than with a normal diet. They also had lower ______ levels and a lower _______ |
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Definition
| 25%; 50%; insulin; temperature |
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Term
Anti-aging medicine:
recommend _____ and _____;
some recommend ________ and ________ replacement;
unscrupulous members offer _____ creams, ______ potions, _______ enhancement pills, and hormone treatments |
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Definition
diet and exercise;
antioxidants and hormone replacement;
wrinkle creams, hair-growing potions, sexual enhancement pills and hormone treatments |
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Term
| Changes in Body Systems with Aging: lungs |
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Definition
| maximum capacity may decrease by up to 40% between ages 20 and 70 |
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Term
| Changes in Body Systems with Aging: heart |
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Definition
| muscle thickens as arteries thicken; thicker heart decreases maximal pumping rate; maximum heart rate decreases with time |
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Term
| Changes in Body Systems with Aging: Immune system |
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Definition
| T cells take longer to replenish in older people and their ability to function declines |
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Term
| Changes in Body Systems with Aging: Brain |
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Definition
| synapse are reduced; less efficient; takes longer to learn things |
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Term
| Changes in Body Systems with Aging: kidney |
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Definition
| the GFR decreases so it is less efficient at clearing impurities from blood; affects drug metabolism |
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Term
| Changes in Body Systems with Aging: bladder |
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Definition
| total capacity of the bladder declines and the tissue may atrophy' incontinence increasing |
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Term
| Changes in Body Systems with Aging: body fat |
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Definition
| increases into middle age then usually decreases; more central and less peripheral fat |
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Term
| Changes in Body Systems with Aging: muscle |
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Definition
| strength and tone declines about 22% by 70; exercise slows down this process |
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Term
| Changes in Body Systems with Aging: eyes |
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Definition
| farsightedness begins around 50 and progresses; glaucoma and cataracts are more common |
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Term
| Changes in Body Systems with Aging: bone |
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Definition
| from age 35, bones begin to lose density; resistance training can slow decline; worse in women |
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Term
| Changes in Body Systems with Aging: ears |
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Definition
| high frequency hearing declines with age |
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Term
| Changes in Body Systems with Aging: ears |
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Definition
| high frequency hearing declines with age |
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Term
| Changes in Body Systems with Aging: liver |
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Definition
| slower metabolism (higher drug effects); less reparative function, so toxins, infections are more severe |
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Term
| Changes in Body Systems with Aging: GI |
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Definition
| relatively resistant to aging; changes in acid production and motility are measure but cause few symptoms; constipation is more frequent and side effects of medications are worse |
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