Term
| Biology can be defined as... |
|
Definition
| the scientific study of life |
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|
Term
| "An orderly method for gaining, organizing, and applying new knowledge" is the formal definition of the ________ _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We use qualitative and quantitative forms of observation. Qualitative observation _____________, while Quantitative observation is all about _________. |
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Definition
| Qualitative observation describes the object, as such with things like color, shape, and so on. Quantitative observation is all about numbers, like height, mass, and so on. |
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Term
| List the parts of the scientific method (describe them as well) |
|
Definition
1.Hypothesis- possible explanation based on preliminary evidence AKA a educated guess
2. Experiment- evaluates the hypothesis
in the experiment you have the
Control group- know the results
Experimental group- isolated variables being tested
3.Theories - generally accepted principles that can change
4.Insight and Imagination- creatively described depth of the experiment |
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Term
| What is an independant variable, and what is a dependant variable? |
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Definition
| An IV is the variable purposefully changed/manipulated, while the DV is the variable that will be the responding to the experiment and is the most important to measure |
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Term
| List all of the characteristics common in all life: |
|
Definition
Order
Reproduction
Growth
Energy processing
Response to environment
Regulation
Evolutionary adaptation
---
O.R.G.E.R.R.E.
l.e.i.v.e.u.n.
d.p.v.e.a.d.e.
e.t.e.r.l.e.r.
r.i. .y.l. .g.
.l. .o.y. .y.
.e. .n. . . .
.s. .e. . . . |
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|
Term
| Name life's 'hierarchy of organization' from largest to smallest |
|
Definition
Biosphere,
Ecosystem,
Community,
Population,
Organism,
Organ System,
Organ,
Tissue,
Cell,
Organelle,
Molecule |
|
|
Term
| Name the three domains of life, and which each consist of. |
|
Definition
Archaea, (prokaryotes)
Bacteria, (prokaryotes)
Eukarya, (protists, animal, fungi cells) |
|
|
Term
| The difference between Bacteria and Archaea domains are... |
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Definition
| Bacteria is more widespread, while Archaea mainly live in the world's most extreme conditions |
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Term
| What is spontaneous generation, and how do we know it's likely impossible? |
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Definition
| Spontaneous generation is the supposed production of living organisms from non living matter, and we can assume it is false due to Charles Darwin's discovery/theroy of evolution and natural selection |
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|
Term
Differentiate the different microscopes, and each of the pros/cons for each one...
(3 microscopes) |
|
Definition
The light microscope, it can magnify objects to 100 times their size and can view living specimens, does not have a good resolution.
The scanning electron microscope, can study the structure and architecture of cell surfaces & makes them look 3-D, but cannot look at live specimens.
The transmission electron microscope, an study the details of the internal structure, however cannot study living organisms |
|
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Term
| Matter is composed of ______. _______ cannot be broken down to other substances |
|
Definition
chemical elements
elements |
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Term
| A _______ is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are __ elements essential to life, but only these four make up 96.3% of the human body. These four elements are... |
|
Definition
4
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen. |
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|
Term
| These six elements make up 3.7% of the human body... |
|
Definition
| Calcium, Phospherous, Sulfer, Sodium, Chlorine, and Magnesium |
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|
Term
| Chemicals are added to foods to ____,_____, and ___ |
|
Definition
| preserve it, make it more nutritious, and make it look better |
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|
Term
| Name pros and cons of Radioactive tracers |
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Definition
| Radioactive can be used in medical procedures to help find a patient's diagnosis, but however it cause damage to a person's DNA and create abnormal bonds in the body |
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Term
| An atom's attraction for shared electrons is called it's _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bonds in some molecules are said to be ______ because _____ are shared equally between the atoms. |
|
Definition
| nonpolar covalent bonds, electrons |
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|
Term
| The bonds in some molecules are said to be ______ because the _____ are shared unevenly |
|
Definition
| polar covalent bonds, electrons |
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|
Term
| A molecule is polar when... |
|
Definition
| it has an uneven distribution of charges |
|
|
Term
| An ion is an atom or molecule with... |
|
Definition
| an electrical charge resulting from a gain or loss of electrons |
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|
Term
| When attraction holds ions together, it is called a ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ affects the strength of ionic bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A chemical reaction is... |
|
Definition
| The breaking and making of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter |
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|
Term
| An arrow indicates the conversion of the starting materials (in chemical equation), called the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The material resulting from a chemical reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The raw materials of photosynthesis are _______ and _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ bonds make liquid water _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together is called ______. ______ is stronger for _____ then most other liquids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most plants rely upon _____ to help transport water and nutrients from their roots to their leaves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tendency of one substance to cling to another is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Related to cohesion, surface tension is.... |
|
Definition
| surface tension is the measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. |
|
|
Term
| ______ bonds give water high surface tension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules in a body of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the measure of intensity of heat- more the speed of molecules rather then the total amount of energy in a body of matter |
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|
Term
| When molecules with the greatest energy leave, the process of _________ occurs |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Water is less dense as ice then a liquid because of ______. As water freezes, each molecule forms a stable ____ with it's neighbors. As the ice crystals form, the molecules become _________ than in liquid water. |
|
Definition
hydrogen bonds,
hydrogen bond,
less densely packed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances |
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|
Term
| The ____ is the dissolving agent in a solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The substance in a solution that is dissolved is the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An ___________ is a solution in which water is the solvent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water's versatility as a solvent results from the _____ of it's molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrogen (___) and Hydroxide (___) ions are very reactive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A compound that donates H+/Hydrogen ions to solutions is called an ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ____ is a compound that accepts hydrogen ions and removes them from the solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We use the ________ to determine how acidic or basic a ________ is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each pH unit represents a 10_fold change in the ________ in ___ in a solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances that minimize changes in pH |
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|
Term
| The pH scale is a ___ point scale. At the most ____ end (is battery acid), while at the other end the most ____ (is oven cleaner) |
|
Definition
14 point scale,
acidic, basic |
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|
Term
| the pH of human blood plasma is very close to __ on the pH scale |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ are the building blocks of polymers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| monomers are linked together to form polymers by a ______ reaction, which is when _____ is removed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A polymer breaks up to form monomers through a _______ reaction, or the ______ of water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins are made from just ___ amino acids, and DNA is made from only ____ types of nucleotides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are the main fuels for cellular work and used as raw materials to manufacture other organic molecules. They usually forms as rings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a _____ reaction, two monosacchrides can come together to form a _______ |
|
Definition
| dehydration, disaccharide |
|
|
Term
| The disccharide molecule is formed from two ______ monomers, while the disacchride sucrose is formed from combing a _______ monomer and a _______ monomer |
|
Definition
| glucose, glucose, fructose |
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|
Term
| The four main categories of macromolecules are.... |
|
Definition
| lipids, carbohydrates, nuclaeic acids, and proteins |
|
|
Term
| A major characteristic all lipids have in common is that they are made up of ____ and _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lipids are water ______, important in long term energy _____, and consist mainly of ____ and ____ atoms linked by chemical bonds |
|
Definition
| fearing, storage, hydrogen and carbon |
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|
Term
| Fats with the maximum number of hydrogen produces ______ fats, while those missing a hydrogen form -_____- fats. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains four fused rings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acids have an ___ group and a ___ group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An amino acid can be catagorized as ______, water loving, or ______, water fearing |
|
Definition
| hydrophyllic, hydrophobic |
|
|
Term
| A protein can also be referred to as a ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structural proteins provide ______ between _________ |
|
Definition
| associations between body parts |
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|
Term
| Defensive proteins include _____ of the ______ system |
|
Definition
| antibodies of the immune system |
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|
Term
| Signal proteins are best exemplified by _____ and other chemical messengers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Receptor proteins submit ____ into ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transport proteins carry ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Storage proteins serve as a source of ___ acids for ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Estrogen, cholesterol, and steroids are examples of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ and ____ are the building blocks of nuclaeic acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary structure is the ___ or ____ of a polypeptide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The overall three dimensional shape of a polypeptide is it's ______ structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two or more polypeptide chains associating provides the _____ structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DNA's nitrogenous bases are...
A-
T-
C-
and G- |
|
Definition
Adenine,
Thymine,
Cythosine,
and Guanine |
|
|
Term
| hydrogen bonds individually are weak, but in ______ they are strong. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleaic acids and proteins both _____ |
|
Definition
| made up of the same four building blocks |
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|
Term
| An enzyme is a type of catalyst, however they differ in that the __________ |
|
Definition
| structures of each are different, and depending on the structure, the function of that catalyst or enzyme is determined |
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|
Term
| Enzymes(catalysts) are proteins, and can be... |
|
Definition
| structural, contractile, defensive, signal, receptor, transport, or storage proteins depending of course of their structure! |
|
|
Term
| Stanley Miller and Harold Urey discovered through an experiment made to resemble the hypothetical conditions on early earth, tested the ________ origin of life. They discovered the creation of ______________ in their experiment. |
|
Definition
tested the chemical origin of life...
creation of 20 amino acids in their experiment |
|
|
Term
| Charles Darwin came to the theroy of natural selection with these two observations... |
|
Definition
1) Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which passed from parents to offspring,
2) A population can produce far more offspring than the environment can support |
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|
Term
| From his inferences, Charles Darwin was able to draw the inference that... |
|
Definition
| those individuals with heritable traits best suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than are the less-suited individuals. Due to this, soon enough we'll see more of the people with preferably traits then those without. |
|
|
Term
| The result of natural selection is _____________, the accumulation of favorable traits in a population over time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scientists use _________ __________ to support the theroy that organisms have all evolved from a common ancestor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The increase in the apparent size of an object is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microscopes do have limitations. A big limitation they have is the amount of ________ that can be seen by _______. |
|
Definition
| resolution seen by the human eye |
|
|
Term
| Cell size needs to be both large & small. It should be large as so it can house ____, _____, and _____ needed as to make it possible for it to survive and reproduce. Yet, it needs to be small enough to allow a _____-to-______ ratio that will allow adequate exchange with the environment. |
|
Definition
DNA, proteins, and structures:
surface to volume ratio |
|
|
Term
| The _______ membrane, AKA the ____ membrane, forms a flexible boundary between the _________ and it's _______. |
|
Definition
plasma membrane, AKA the cell membrane;
living cell and it's surroundings |
|
|
Term
| Phospholipids from a two layer sheet called a __________ _______ in which hydrophilic cells face _____, while hydrophobic cells point _____. |
|
Definition
phospholipid bilayer;
outwards...inwards |
|
|
Term
Membrane proteins are either...
attached to the __________ OR
embedded in the ____________. |
|
Definition
| attached to the membrane surface or embedded in the phospholipid bilayer |
|
|
Term
| Proteins have two main functions within cells. Some form tunnels or channels that shield ___ and other _______ molecules as they pass through the _____ center of the membrane. Other proteins serve as ____, u |
|
Definition
ions and other hydrophilic;
hydrophobic center of the membrane;
transfer molecules |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic cells. ____________ are eukaryotic cells. |
|
Definition
| All other forms of life are eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
| List the differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
|
Definition
| presence of a nucleus, structure, cell wall/membrane, size, organelles, reproduction, and food source |
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|
Term
| A cell's _____ helps propel the cell through it's liquid environment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotes have no true _____, and instead have a _____. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound _____. |
|
Definition
nucleus, instead have a nucleoid;
nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotes have circular DNA called _____. Eukaryotes have linear DNA that are organized into _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes can have a singular __________/___________, or they can have both |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotes are usually _____ then eukaryotes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List all of the organelles in a prokaryotic cell |
|
Definition
| Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| List all of the organelles in a eukaryotic cell |
|
Definition
Cell membrane, Endoplasmic reticulum, Nucleus, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosome, etc.
C.E.N.R.C.M.G.L. or
u.d.a.o.o.a.u.a.
t.g.n.l.u.k.y.u.
t.e.o.l.l.e.s.g.
i. . .e.d. . .h.
n. . .r. . . . .
g. . .s. . . . .
. . .k. . . . .
. . .a. . . . .
. . .t. . . . .
. . .e. . . . . |
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|
Term
| Prokaryotic cells reproduce in a process known as _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotic cells reproduce through a process called ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotes and eukaryotes can be either ________ or ________ in terms of food source |
|
Definition
autotrophs (make their own food)
heterotrophs (eat food from the outside world) |
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|
Term
| The ___________ forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and it's surroundings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some ______ form channels or tunnels that shield ions & other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the _______. |
|
Definition
| proteins form channels; center of the membrane |
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|
Term
The structures and organells of eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions.
1. The _______ and _____ are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2. The ER (______), _________, _____,_____, and ______ are involved in the manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of molecules
3. Mitochondria are in ___ cells, and chloroplasts in ____ cells are involved in energy processing
4; Structural support, movement, and communication between cells are the functions of the _______, plasma membrane, and ______. |
|
Definition
nucleus and ribosomes;
ER (endoplasmic reticulum), golgi apparatus, lysosomes,vacuoles, and peroxisomes are involved in;
in ALL cells, chloroplasts in plant cells;
cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and cell wall |
|
|
Term
| Almost all organelles of animals cells are found in plant cells except _____ and ______. Plant cells have however a _____,_____, & ____ animal cells don't have. |
|
Definition
lysosomes and centrioles;
have a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole |
|
|
Term
| The nucleus contains most of the cell's DNA and controls the cell's activities by directing ______ synthesis by making the messenger ____.(_._._) |
|
Definition
protein synthesis;
the messenger RNA |
|
|
Term
| The nuclear envelope is a double _____ and has ____ that allow material to flow in and out of the _____. |
|
Definition
is a double membrane;
pores that allow...of the nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Ribosomes are synthesized from ____ produced in the nucleolus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the most important substances that crosses membranes is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is the diffusion of water across a membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a membrane permeable to water (but not a solute) seperates two solutions with different concentrations of solute, then the water will... |
|
Definition
| the water will cross the membrane and move down the concentration gradient until the solute concentration has reached equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| _______ is the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Determined tonicity depends on the __________________ on both sides of the membrane (HINT*C.o.S) |
|
Definition
| concentration of the solute |
|
|
Term
| When an animal cell is placed into a _____________ solution, the concentration of a solute is the same on both sides of a membrane, and the cell volume won't change |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When an animal cell is placed into a ____________ solution, the solute concentration is lower outside of the cell, which makes water molecules move into the cell, and the cell will expand (possibly burst) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When an animal cell is placed into a ____________ solution, the solute is more concentrated outside of the cell and water molecules exit the cell making the cell shrink |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For an animal cell to survive in a hypotonic or a hypertonic solution, it must go through osmoregation, or the _____________. |
|
Definition
| or the control of water balance |
|
|
Term
| Plant cells differ in a _______ solution than animal cells, b/c the plant cell exerts pressure that prevents the cell from taking in too much water and bursting. Plant cells and animal cells react the same however in a _________ solution |
|
Definition
Hypotonic solution...
Hypertonic solution |
|
|
Term
| Transport proteins help polar/charged substances cross cell membranes through a process called ______ diffusion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Facilitated diffusion does not require ______ and relies only on a ________________. |
|
Definition
| does not require energy and relies on the concentration gradient. |
|
|
Term
| Due to water being _____, it passes through the membrane's interior slowly. The rapid diffusion of water into and out of certain cells is made possible by a protein channel called an _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In active transport, a cell must _____ energy to move a solute ____ the concentration gradient |
|
Definition
must expand energy,
move a solute against the concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
| Name the four main stages of active transport. |
|
Definition
| Exocytosis/endocytosis, cells transform energy, chemical reactions release or store energy, ATP fuels work |
|
|
Term
| A cell performs __________ to export bulky molecules across the membrane (ex. proteins) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a cell performs _______ to import substances useful to the livelihood of the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
There are three kinds of endocytosis...
______ is the engulfment of a particle,
______ is the same however any fluid absorbed is moved into vesicles
_______ is when receptors are created to absorb everything into vesicles |
|
Definition
Phagocytosis,
Pinocytosis,
Receptor-mediated |
|
|
Term
| The two main kinds of energy are ______ and ____ energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ is the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the two rules of thermodynamics (these rules govern energy transformations) |
|
Definition
1. Energy in the universe is consistent
2. Energy conversions increase the disorder of the universe |
|
|
Term
| _______ is the measure of disorder in the universe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical reactions either release energy (________ reactions), or require an input of energy needed that the cell will then store (________ reaction) |
|
Definition
(exergonic reactions)
(endergonic reaction) |
|
|
Term
| The goal of photosynthesis is to ________________, NOT make energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photosynthesis is a type of _______ reaction. In photosynthesis, _______ & ____ are used. While energy is absorbed from ______, that energy is used to create energy rice sugar molecules |
|
Definition
endergonic reaction,
carbon dioxide and water are used,
energy is absorbed from sunlight |
|
|
Term
| ____ powers all cellular work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ATP consists of...
a nitrogeneous gas known as _____,
an five-carbon sugar _____, and
____ phosphate groups |
|
Definition
adenine,
five-carbon sugar ribose,
three phosphate groups |
|
|
Term
| Photosynthesis occurs in the ______. The pigment-molecule _____ inside of the chloroplast is what absorbs energy from the sunlight. This pigment-molecule absorbs all specific wavelengths of light, and all colors except for ______. |
|
Definition
occurs in the chloroplast.
Chlorophyll inside of the chloroplast absorbs the sunlight.
Green light is rejected from the chlorophyll. |
|
|
Term
| Light reactions in photosynthesis happen ____. These light reactions occur in the ______ membrane, and the product of it all is ____ made from sunlight. |
|
Definition
they happen FIRST,
they occur in the Thykaloid membrane,
and the product of it all is ATP made from sunlight |
|
|
Term
| Dark reactions in photosynthesis happen_____. They occur in the _____, and the product of it all is ______ from ATP. |
|
Definition
happen SECOND.
Occur in the Stroma.
the product is Glucose from ATP |
|
|
Term
| ____________ is the opposite of photosynthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In cellular respiration, organic molecules (GLUCOSE) are broken down to _______ energy and recharge ___ |
|
Definition
| release energy and recharge ATP |
|
|
Term
| The main site of Cellular Respiration occurs in the ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis in cellular respiration happens ______. It happens in the _____, and it produces ___ ATP per glucose |
|
Definition
FIRST,
happens in the cytoplasm,
2 ATP per glucose |
|
|
Term
| The Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle in cellular respiration happens ______. It happens in the _____, and it produces ___ ATP per glucose |
|
Definition
SECOND,
occurs in the mitochondrial matrix,
2 ATP per glucose |
|
|
Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation in cellular respiration happens ______. It occurs in the _____, and it produces ___ ATP per glucose |
|
Definition
THIRD,
occurs across the mitochondrial inner membrane,
28 ATP per glucose |
|
|
Term
| Approxiamtely ____ ATP are created in cellular respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
There are two types of cellular respiration... Aerobic and Anaerobic.
The aerobic form of cellular respiration occurs in the presence of ________, while Anaerobic cellular respiration DOES NOT!!!!! Aerobic cellular respiration produces ___ ATP, while in Anaerobic cellular respiration only __ ATP are made per each glucose molecule. THESE ARE THE ONLY DIFFERENCES |
|
Definition
occurs in the presence of OXYGEN, Anaerobic DOES NOT!
32 ATP...
2 ATP per glucose... |
|
|
Term
Membranes are composed of...
Scientists call this structure a _______. |
|
Definition
a bilayer of phospholipids, with embedded and attached proteins.
A fluid mosaic |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion is the tendency for... |
|
Definition
| particles to spread out evenly in the available space |
|
|
Term
| Passive transport is diffusion that __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
