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Definition
| Organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world; also, the body of knowledge that scientist have built up after years of using this process. |
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| a method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant data are gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from these data, and the hypothesis is empirically tested. |
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| The information we gather from our observations |
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| A possible answer to a question |
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| Data that can be measured |
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| Data that cannot easily be measured |
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| The science of studying the living world |
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| The smallest unit of life |
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| Process by which cells from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism |
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| process by which a single parent reproduces by itself |
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| Set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes |
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| A signal to which an organism responds |
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| Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment |
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| Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms |
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| Decimal system of measurement based on certain physical standards and scaled on multiples of 10 |
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| Compound Light Microscope |
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Definition
| Microscope that allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image |
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Definition
| Microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen |
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Definition
| The center of an atom which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, structure that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities |
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Definition
| Negatively charged atoms that orbit around the outside of an atom |
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Definition
| A positively charged atom; located in the nucleus |
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| Atoms that have no charge; located in the necleus |
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| Any substance that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler substances; a pure substance |
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| Atoms of the same element that differ in their number of neutrons |
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| Substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions |
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| When one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
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| When electrons are shared between atoms |
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| Smallest unit of most compounds |
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| An attraction between molecules of the same substances |
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| The attraction between molecules of different substances |
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| Made from two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed, but not chemically combined |
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| All components are evenly distributed. |
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| The substance the solute is dissolved in |
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| Mixture in which a substance does not completely dissolve, but the movement of water keeps the small molecules suspended |
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Definition
| A scale that uses a range of numbers 0-14 to indicate the level of H+ and OH- ions in a solution |
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Definition
| Have a pH of below 7 and more H+ |
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Definition
| Have a pH above 7 and more OH- in solution |
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Definition
| One way the body controls it's pH levels; weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or vases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH |
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Definition
| Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body |
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Definition
| two monosaccharides joined together |
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Definition
| Many monosaccharides joined together |
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Definition
| A Macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes |
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Definition
| A macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus |
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Definition
| A monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base |
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Definition
| Single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose |
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Term
| Deoxyrubonucleic Acid (DNA) |
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Definition
| Nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose |
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Definition
| A macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes |
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Definition
| A compound with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end |
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Definition
| Bonds that join proteins together |
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Definition
| A process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals |
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Definition
| Element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction |
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Definition
| Element or compound produced by a chemical reaction |
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| Energy needed to get a reaction started |
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Definition
| A substance that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy needed |
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Definition
| Proteins that act as biological catalysts by lowering activation energy |
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Definition
| The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions |
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Definition
| A small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers |
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Definition
| A large compound formed from combinations of many monomers |
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Definition
| A large compound formed from combinations of many monomers |
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Definition
| The part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction |
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Definition
| Basic unit of all forms of life |
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Definition
| Idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are made from existing cells |
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Definition
| Controls cell activities and contains DNA |
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Definition
| Organism whose cells contain nuclei |
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Definition
| Unicellular organism lacking a nucleus |
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Definition
| Specialized structure that preforms important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell |
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Definition
| Material found inside the cell membrane- not including the nucleus |
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Definition
| Layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell |
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Definition
| Granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins |
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Definition
| Threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next |
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Definition
| Small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins |
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Definition
| Small particle in the cell of which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein |
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Definition
| Small particle in the cell of which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein |
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Definition
| Internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified |
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Definition
| Stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| Cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell |
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Definition
| Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
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Definition
| Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use |
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Definition
| Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy |
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Definition
| Network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement |
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Definition
| One of two tiny structures located i the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope |
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Definition
| Thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leave the cell |
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Definition
| Strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria |
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Definition
| A thin membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules these membranes are flat sheets |
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Definition
| A gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution |
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Definition
| Process by which molecules tend to move from an area where the are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
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Definition
| When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution |
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Definition
| Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
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Definition
| When the concentration of two solutions is the same |
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Definition
| When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes |
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Definition
| When comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes |
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Definition
| Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels |
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Definition
| Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration diffrence |
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Definition
| A kind of transport by which ions or molecules move along a concentration gradient, which means movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
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Definition
| eing permeable to only certain molecules and not to all molecules |
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Definition
| The rigid or fullness state of a cell due to high water content as a result of differing solute concentrations between a semipermeable membrane |
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Definition
| Process by which a cell tales material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane |
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Definition
| Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material |
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Definition
| The process in which cells develop an different ways to preform different tasks |
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Definition
| An organism that makes it's own food |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that does not make it's own food and has to eat other organisms to get energy |
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Term
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| One of the principle chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy |
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Term
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Definition
| The result when ATP loses one of its phosphate groups when the energy is released to power up many vital cellular processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| When ATP loses one phosphate group by breaking a bond and releasing energy ADP forms and in order to recreate ATP,ADP must find another phosphate group and energy to recreate ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high energy carbs such as sugars and starches |
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Definition
| Saclike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts |
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Term
| Light-Dependent Reactions |
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Definition
| Reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH (they happen in the thylakoids) |
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Term
| Calvin Cycle/Dark Reactions/ Light independent reactions |
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Definition
| Reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high energy compounds such as sugars (happens in the stroma) |
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Term
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Definition
| First step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen |
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Term
| Fermentation/Anaerobic Respiration |
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Definition
| Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen |
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Definition
| Respiration that requires energy |
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Definition
| Second stage of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions |
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Term
| Electron Transport Chain ETC |
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Definition
| A series of proteins in which the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Principle pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy |
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Definition
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Definition
| Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells |
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Definition
| Part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides |
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Definition
| Division of the cytoplasm during cell division |
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Definition
| One of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome |
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Definition
| Granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins |
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Definition
| Threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next |
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Definition
| Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached |
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Definition
| Period of the cell cycle between cell divions |
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Definition
| Series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide |
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Definition
| One of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
| On of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope (Help with cell division) |
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Definition
| Fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis |
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Definition
| First and longest step of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell |
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Definition
| Third step of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles |
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Definition
| Fourth and final step of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material |
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Definition
| Disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth |
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Definition
| Cell resulting from the replication and division of a single parent cell |
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Definition
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Definition
| Structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis |
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Definition
| Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis |
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Definition
| term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent |
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Definition
| Specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction (Egg/Sperm) |
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Definition
| Term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes |
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Definition
| Term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes |
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Definition
| Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine |
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Definition
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Definition
| Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecules |
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Definition
| Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |
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Definition
| A pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, esp. that in the structure of the DNA molecule |
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Definition
| The physical break down of large pieces of food into smaller pieces |
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Definition
| The break down of food by chemically changing the food/ breaking it down into its building blocks |
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Definition
| Breaks down the chemical bonds in starches and releases sugars |
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Definition
| Muscular tube at the end of the gastrovascular cavity, or throat, that connects the mouth with the rest of the digestive tract and serves as a passageway for air and food |
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Definition
| Blocks the trachea so food doesn't go "down the wrong pipe" |
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Definition
| Moves food through the esophagus with contractions of smooth contractions; moves food through the esophagus to the stomach |
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Definition
| DIgestive organ in which most chemical digestion takes place |
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Definition
| Colon; Organ that removes water from undigested materials that pass through it |
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Definition
| Folded projections that increase the surface area of the small intestine |
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Definition
| Cover the villi creating an even larger surface area for the absorption of food in the small intestine |
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Definition
| Large organ just above the stomach that produces bile |
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Definition
| Emulsifies fat into smaller dropplets |
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Definition
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Definition
| The process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating) |
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Definition
| Food tube connecting the mouth to the stomach |
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Definition
| Where concentrated waste passes through |
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Definition
| The organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body |
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Definition
| Large blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body |
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Definition
| A small branch of an artery leading into capillaries |
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Definition
| Smallest blood vessels; brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorb co2 and waste products |
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Definition
| A blood vessel that returns blood to the heart |
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Definition
| A very small vein, esp. one collecting blood from the capillaries |
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Definition
| Upper chamber of the heart that receives and holds blood that is about to enter the ventricle |
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Definition
| Lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart |
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Definition
| A red blood cell that (in humans) is typically a biconcave disk without a nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| a mature blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the bodily tissues; a biconcave disc that has no nucleus |
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Definition
| iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body |
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Definition
| any of the blood cells that lack hemoglobin, colourless and with nucleus. Its primary role involves the body's immune system, protecting the body against invading microorganisms and foreign particles. |
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Definition
| Straw-colored fluid that makes up to about 55% of blood |
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Definition
| Cell fragment released by bone marrow that helps in clotting blood |
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Definition
| Condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| internal between the segments of an annelid's body |
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Definition
| Muscular tube at the end of the gastrovascular cavity, or throat, that connects the mouth with the rest of the digestive tract and serves as a passageway for both air and food |
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Definition
| Structure in the throat containing the vocal cords |
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Definition
| Windpipe; tube that air moves through |
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Definition
| A flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe |
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Definition
| Passageway leading from the trachea to one of the lungs |
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Definition
| Any of the branches into which a bronchus divides |
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Definition
| Any of the many tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place |
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Definition
| The process by which oxygen is extracted from inhaled air into the bloodstream, and, at the same time, carbon dioxide is eliminated from the blood and exhaled |
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Definition
| opening on the under side of a leaf that allows co2 and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf |
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Definition
| Term used to refer to an organism that has 2 identical alleles for a particular trait |
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Definition
| Term used to refer to an organism that has 2 different alleles for the same trait |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| Genetic makeup of an organism |
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Definition
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Definition
| Physical characteristics of an organism |
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Definition
| The passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| photograph of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs |
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Definition
| Diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross over |
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Definition
| likelihood that a particular event will occur |
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Definition
| offspring of crosses between parents with different traits |
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Definition
| Separation of alleles during gamete formation |
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Definition
| one of a number of different forms of a gene |
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Definition
| Specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another |
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Definition
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Definition
| hybridization using a single trait with two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas). |
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Definition
| hybridization using two traits with two alleles each |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| offspring or first fillial |
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Definition
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Term
| Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random. |
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Term
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Definition
| members of a pair of homologous chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes and are distributed to different gametes so that every gamete receives only one member of the pair |
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Term
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Definition
| Each traitis determined by two factors (alleles), inherited one from each parent. These factors each exhibit a characteristic dominant, co-dominant, or recessive expression, and those that are dominant will mask the expression of those that are recessive |
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Term
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Definition
| three or more alleles of the same gene |
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Definition
| situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism (skin color) |
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Term
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Definition
| situation in which one allele is not completely dominate over another |
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Definition
| chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
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Definition
| one of two chromosomes that determine an individuals sex |
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Definition
| trait controlled by two or more genes |
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Definition
| A solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is formed |
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Definition
| a hollow ball of cells that forms after about 6-7 days from fertilization (after a morula) |
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Definition
| Name given to a human embryo after 8 weeks of development |
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Definition
| Organism in its early stages of development |
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Definition
| Structure in the male reproductive system in which sperm fully mature and are stored |
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Term
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Definition
| Tube that carries urine from the bladder and releases it from the body; in males tube through which semen is released from the body |
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Definition
| Tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra |
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Definition
| Process by which cells from two different parents unite to produced the first cell of a new organism |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which a single parent reproduces by itself |
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Term
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Definition
| one of two fluid filled tubes in human females through which an egg passes after its release from an ovary |
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Definition
| organ of the female reproductive system in which a fertilized egg can develop |
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Definition
| in plants, a flower structure that contains one or more ovules from which female gametophytes are produces; in animals the female gonad that produces eggs |
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Definition
| cluster of cells surrounding a single egg in the human reproductive system |
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Definition
| The narrow necklike passage forming the lower end of the uterus |
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Definition
| process in which a blastocyst attaches itself to the wall of the uterus |
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Definition
| process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which an egg is released from an ovary |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| name given to a follicle after ovulation because of its yellow color |
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Term
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Definition
| phase of the menstrual cycle during which the lining of the uterus along with blood and the unfertilized egg is discharged through the vagina |
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Term
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Definition
| period of rapid growth and sexual maturation that happens between the ages of 9-15 |
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Definition
| one of the hundreds of tiny tubules in the testis in which sperm are produces |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease spread from one person to another during sexual contact |
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Term
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Definition
| organ through which nutrients oxygen co2 and wastes are exchanged between the embryo and the mother |
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Term
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Definition
| process of cell migration by which a third layer of cells is formed within the cavity of a blastocyst |
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Term
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Definition
| development of the nervous system |
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