Term
|
Definition
| a device in which visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses, which refract the light and magnify the image of the specimen, which is projected to the eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| Membrane-enclosed, subcellular compartments |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scanning electron microscope (SEM) |
|
Definition
| Used for a detailed study of a specimen's surface |
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|
Term
| Transmission electron microscope (TEM) |
|
Definition
| Used to study internal ultrastructure of cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Technique for studying cell structure and function |
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Term
|
Definition
| A semifluid, jellylike substance enclosed by the plasma membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell in which most of the DNA is in the nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell in which DNA is not concentrated in a region that is not membrane-enclosed |
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Term
|
Definition
| region in which DNA is concentrated within a prokaryotic cell. is not enclosed by a membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| A selective barrier at the boundary of a cell that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| Structure that contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| Structure enclosing the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
| a netlike array of protein filaments maintaining the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope |
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Term
|
Definition
| structures that carry the genetic information |
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Term
|
Definition
| a complex of protein and DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| Structure in the nondividing nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Complexes made up of ribosomal rRNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carries out protein synthesis and transport, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
|
Definition
| an extensive network of proteins, accounts for more than half of the cell's total membrane in many cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| region of the ER. Its surface lacks ribosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| region of the ER whose outer surface is covered with ribosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Those that are in transit from one part of the cell to another |
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Term
|
Definition
| Destination of many transport vesicles |
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Term
|
Definition
| A membraneous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| Engulfing of smaller organisms or other food particles by amoebas and many other protists |
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Term
|
Definition
| Formed by phagocytosis. The contents of it are eaten up by hydrolytic enzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Structure of many freshwater protists |
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Term
|
Definition
| Structure in most mature plant cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| the sites of cellular respiration |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| infoldings of the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
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Term
|
Definition
| the space enclosed by the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
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Term
|
Definition
| A family of closely related plant organelles |
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Term
|
Definition
| flattened, interconnected sacs inside a chloroplast |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the fluid outside the thylakoids, which contains the chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
| A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that that allows several parts of the cell to move about the cell. These proteins attach to receptors on vesicles, and attach to a microtubule. Powered by ATP, they can move along the microtubule. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hollow rods measuring about 25 nm in diameter and from 200 nm to 25 micrometers in length |
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Term
|
Definition
| a region located near the nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 of them are in the centrosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| microtubule-containing extensions that project from some cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| can work to move entire cell |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a structure similar to that of a centriole |
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Term
|
Definition
| large motor proteins that connect the double microtubules to each other || = || in a flagellum or cilium |
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Term
|
Definition
| solid rods about 7 nm in diameter |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| contractions between actin and myosin leads to muscle contraction, which contributes to this |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| The first secretion of the cell wall |
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Term
|
Definition
| between the primary walls of adjacent cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| tightly pressed against one another bound by specific proteins, making seals |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Is between the plasma membrane and the primary wall |
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|
Term
| Extracellular matrix (ECM) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecule of core protein covalently attached to many carbohydrate chains |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| an ECM glycoprotein that attaches some cells to the ECM |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell surface receptor proteins that bind to fibronectin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Channels that perforate the cell walls of plant cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| When the plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against one another by specific proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| Act like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets by intermediate filaments |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Exhibited by the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Model for the arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in the membranes of cells in which the membrane is a fluid structure with a mosaic of various proteins embedded in or attached to a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipids |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| one major population of membrane proteins |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the major populations of membrane proteins |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane carbohydrates of fewer than 15 sugar units, covalently bonded to lipids |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane carbohydrates of fewer than 15 sugars units, covalently bonded to proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| Proteins in the plasma membrane that small, polar molecules pass through to enter or exit the cell |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water molecules across the plasma membrane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A result of thermal motion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The way a substance will diffuse down to |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Quality of an environment in which no net movement of water across the plasma membrane will occur, if a cell is without a wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell which has a higher concentration of water in its interior than its exterior |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell which has a higher concentration of water in its exterior than its interior |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The control of water balance |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Condition of a plant cell that is hypotonic, but whose cell wall sends a back pressure to the outward pressure due to the swelling due to the input of water |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The event in which a hypertonic plant cell loses water to its surroundings, and shrinks, and the plasma membrane shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall |
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Term
|
Definition
| The phenomenon in which many polar molecules and ions diffuse across the plasma membrane via the help of transport proteins |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of transport protein |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The type of membrane traffic that requires energy on the behalf of the cell |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Exchanges Na+ for K+ across the plasma membrane of animal cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The voltage (electrical potential energy: a separation of opposite charges) across a membrane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The combination a chemical force (tendency of chemical to cross plasma membrane down its concentration gradient) and an electrical force (effect of membrane potential on the ion's movement) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and bacteria |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A mechanism in which a single ATP-powered pump that transports a specific solute can indirectly drive the active transport of several other solutes in a mechanism |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane, which allows for the secretion of certain biological molecules |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane, so that the cell can take in biological molecules and particulate matter |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer |
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|
Term
| Single Strand Binding Protein |
|
Definition
| (SSB Protein) A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Clears away RNA primers (using 5' to 3' activity) and synthesizing new DNA in these gaps |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme that builds new DNA strands. it could only be done in one way (5' to 3') |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment; also called DNA ligase |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Physiological feature, bodily characteristic, behavior, or outward appearance of an organism |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The genetic makeup of an organism |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Trait that will only appear in the phenotype if organism inherits two of them; covered up by the dominant gene |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Observed trait of an organism that masks the recessive form of a trait |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Having two identical alleles for a trait (YY, yy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Having two different alleles for a trait (Yy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A portion of DNA that has information that is used to make more of a protein |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Alternate forms of a gene |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins, forms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the joining of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AUG, signals the start of translation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| UAA, UAG, and UGA, that indicate the point at which mRNA translation is done |
|
|
Term
| Initiation (Transcription) |
|
Definition
| In initiation, an enzyme (RNA Polymerase) unwinds the double helix of DNA and the nucleotides of DNA pair with the nucleotides of RNA |
|
|
Term
| Elongation (Transcription) |
|
Definition
| Elongation occurs when the RNA polymerase continues to move along the DNA and the mRNA lengthens. |
|
|
Term
| Termination (Transcription) |
|
Definition
| Termination occurs when the RNA polymerase runs out of DNA to copy. The mRNA is released from the enzyme and the RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Translation is the process by which information is encoded in the messenger RNA and is used to assemble a protein at the ribosome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transcription is the process by which the genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto messenger RNA. |
|
|
Term
| Inititiation (Translation) |
|
Definition
| A small subunit attaches to an mRNA molecule (from transcription). A tRNA molecule binds to a specific codon sequence (ACUG) on the mRNA. The large subunit then joins the complex. tRNA is now in a binding site called the P site. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a new tRNA fits into a codon on the mRNA, it attaches to the A site. Peptide bonds form, connecting the two amino acids and disconnecting the tRNA and the amino acid. The tRNA in the P site moves onto the E site, and the tRNA in the A site is moved to the P site. |
|
|
Term
| Termination (Translation) |
|
Definition
| The ribosome then comes to a codon that signals that the protein is finished. The protein (polypeptide chain) is released from the tRNA molecule and the ribosome splits back into the large and small subunits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breeding for difference in one trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which a trait of an individual is intermediate between the phenotype of the individual's two parents because the alleles aren't dominant or recessive to one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A phenotypic situation in which the two alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three or more alleles that exist for a single gene; ex. the possible blood types are A, B, AB, and O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dominant over negative, (has a rh integral protein that lies on the surface of the red blood cell) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doesn't create A or B antigens (inactive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when a group of gene pairs acts together and produces a specific trait, such as human eye color, skin color, or height |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific locations of genes along the chromosome (have to look at multiple chromosomes to determine eye color, skin color, hair color, ect.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecule composed of carbohydrates and fats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a deficiency of red blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the light-sensitive membrane covering the back wall of the eyeball |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a deficiency of red blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutation of HTT gene, which is in charge of making a protein called Huntington (interaction with nerve cells in the brain). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autosomal dominant, meaning not on the 23rd chromosome and needing only one copy of the gene needs to be passed down to contract the disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clumsiness, jaw clenching, slurred speech, uncontrolled muscle movements, and delusions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| medication for movement problems and depression, no cure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the other genes in the body that are not sex-linked, any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
|
|
Term
| Huntington's (life expectancy) |
|
Definition
| about 15 years after diagnosis, most die from complications of the disease, not the actual disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| missing enzyme HEXA (CHROMOSOME 15) breaks down ganglioside (formation of nerve cells), when ganglioside can't be broken down it builds on nerve cells (can head to paralysis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recessive autosomal, not on the 23rd chromosome and both parents need to be carriers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red dot in retina, deterioration of motor skills, speech and swallowing difficulties, becoming blind or deaf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no cure, only supportive care |
|
|
Term
| Tay-Sach's (life expectancy) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by a defective gene, causes body to produce abnormally thick and sticky mucus, builds up in the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recessive autosomal, not on the 23rd chromosome and both parents must be carriers |
|
|
Term
| Cystic Fibrosis (symptoms) |
|
Definition
| fever, increased coughing, increased shortness in breath, loss of appetite, more sputum (mucus that is coughed up from lower airways) |
|
|
Term
| Cystic Fibrosis (treatment) |
|
Definition
| no cure, antibiotics, inhaled meds, salt solution, flu and PPV vaccine, lung transplants, oxygen therapy |
|
|
Term
| Cystic Fibrosis (life expectancy) |
|
Definition
| diagnosed as newborns, 1st birthday, diagnosed older, up to 37 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal type of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S, which changes the shape of blood cells, into sickles. This prevents blood from clotting as easily, and also prevents against malaria (bacteria can't lay eggs in sickle shaped blood cells) |
|
|
Term
| Sickle cell anemia (what) |
|
Definition
| recessive autosomal, inherit from both parents |
|
|
Term
| Sickle cell anemia (symptoms) |
|
Definition
| pain, hand foot syndrome, frequent infection, delayed growth, vision problems |
|
|
Term
| Sickle cell anemia (treatment) |
|
Definition
| no widespread cure, blood transplants, bone marrow transplants |
|
|
Term
| Sickle cell anemia (life expectancy) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a phenotype of an allele related to the se chromosome of an individual (23rd chromosome) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gender and a faulty 23rd chromosome |
|
|
Term
| color blindness (what and where) |
|
Definition
| A decreased or complete inability to percieve different colors, on the X chromosome. Boys can get it if their mother or father is a carrier because they only have 1 X chromosme |
|
|
Term
| Hemophilia (what and where) |
|
Definition
| A condition where the body has an inablilty to clot blood (lack of fibrin protein), on the X chromosomes, 3 types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemophilia caused by a congenital deficiency of factor 8 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a clotting disorder similar to hemophilia A but caused by a congenital deficiency of factor 9 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most mild type, deficiency of factor 11 |
|
|
Term
| Hemophilia (life expectancy and gender) |
|
Definition
| 50-60 years, A and B only in males, C in both males and females |
|
|
Term
| Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (what and where) |
|
Definition
| A degenerative disease where muscles become weak to the point of immobility, on the X chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein distrophin cannot be made due to mutation of the dystrophin gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enlarged calf muscles and frequent falls, symptoms usually shown around age 5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Symptoms present at 5, need braces to walk by 10, and by age 12 boy is usualy ina wheelchair. about 30 years (due to cessation of heart and lung muscles) |
|
|
Term
| Who gets sex-linked diseases? |
|
Definition
| mainly boys, because the diseases are carried on the X chromosome.Girls have two X chromosomes, so if one is faulty, she will have another one to create proteins from, making her a carrier. Boys do not have the extra X, (they have XY), so any mutation in the X chromosome will be used to make proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individual who has one copy of the allele for a recessive disorder and does not exhibit symptoms, a person with a disease that they can pass on to other organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a ratio of what you can see to what you cannot see (brown eyes to blue eyes, 3:1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ratio of the genotypes that appear in the offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Autosomal traits are inherited via genes that do NOT determine an individual's sex. Sex-linked traits, however, are inherited via genes that DO determine an individual's sex (X and Y chromosomes). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs, display of a person's 46 chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mishap when the members of a pair of chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I (anaphase I) (no chance of survival) or sister chromatids fail to separate in Meiosis II (anaphase II) (50% chance of survival) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having an abnormal number of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell that has 3 copies of a chromosome instead of the normal 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell that has 1 copy of a chromosome instead of the normal 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes, it is the result of an accident during cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a chromosome lacking a centromere is lost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Repetition of part of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome; can result from an error in meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the maternal and paternal chromosomes, term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end. occurs when a chromosome has breakage and rearrangement within itself. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mutation that occurs when a piece of DNA is removed from one chromosome and attached to another chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic disorder when a person has 47 chromosomes instead of 46 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extra copy of the 21st chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small/abnormally shaped head, excess skin on the back of the neck, flattened nose, single crease in the palm of the hand, small ears, small mouth, upward slanting eyes, and white spots on the iris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| widespread theory from 19th century that offspring had 50% mom's characteristics 50% dad's. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Austrian Monk that experimented on pea plants which leaded to his Particulate Theory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Traits or characteristics of an organism are passed on independently of each other in particular units |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gene only expressed when in presense of another recessive (aa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outward appearance of organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breeding an organism of unknown genotype against a homozygous recessive organism. Method of discovering genotype by breeding back. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| y chromosome carries no genetic info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs during mitosis/ chromosomes fail to separate causing most genetic diseases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lose of ability to produce melanin(pigment in your skin). Symptoms- red eyes,pale skin, easily sunburned,etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| starts to secrete mucus in excess usually in the lungs/digestive system slowly killing the diseased. |
|
|
Term
| ellis-van crevald syndrome |
|
Definition
| Usually caused by inbreeding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results in extra fingers/toes, extremely short limbs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lacking the enzymes that convert phenylaniline to tyrosine. Grows on brain, untreated can cause mental retardation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red blood cells mutate from round to quarter moon shape, can't hold oxygen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progressive deterioration of nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Common in Jews, death proceeds after about a year. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of dwarfism. Aa only. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In cases of AA genotype female body aborts on its own. |
|
|
Term
| Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ACS) |
|
Definition
| Muscles start to slowly loose their functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degeneration of nurvous system. Decays mylenin sheath(covering neurons). Leads to permant cramps that starrt at forearms/deltoids. Asymptomatic till after age of 40. Diseased ends up in a ball. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| additional sixth finger/toe, usually removed early on, mostly caused by inbreeding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aging rapidly, every year equivalent to 10. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
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Definition
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| muscle consumed by own body. |
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| failure of blood to clot. |
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| teeth push in with no enamel. |
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| Trisomy 21, extra copy of 21th chromosome. |
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Definition
| Resulting in 47 chromosomes, sterile, heart problems, mental retardation. |
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Definition
| male, genotype XXY XXXY XXXXY etc |
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Definition
| sterile, mentally retardation, female hips. |
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Definition
| sterile, strange sized ovaries, no breasts. |
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Definition
| learning disabilities, delayed motor skills. |
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| chart of a persons genetic history for a trait. |
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