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| the field of biology devoted to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parent to offspring |
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| "studied many plants, such as garden peas (pisum sativum); studied their characteristics (7) through pollination" |
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| states that factorsfor different characteristics are distributed to gametes individually |
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| LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT |
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| facter that masks or dominates the other factor for a specific characteristic |
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| has no observable affect on an organism's appearance (in F1 Generation) |
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| both alleles of a pair are alike |
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| the two alleles in the pair are different |
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| appearance of an organism as a result of its genotype |
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| the genetic makeup of an organism |
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| a diagram used to aid in predicting the probability that certain traits will be inherited |
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| a cross between individuals that involve one pair of contrasting traits (PP x pp) - 6 types |
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| a cross between individuals that involve two pairs of contrasting traits (RRYY x rryy) - 6 types |
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| occurrence when both alleles for a gene are expressed in a heterozygous offspring |
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| (deoxyribonucleic acid) - the genetic source in organisms which stores and transmits genetic inforamation. |
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| "repeating sub-units of DNA including deoxyribose, phosphate group (phosphorus), and nitrogen-base" |
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| bases with two rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms (Adenine/Guanine) |
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| bases with one ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (cytosine/thymine) |
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| "(single chain) a nucleic acid made up of repeating nucleotides, but it has ribose, thymine is rarely part of it, and uracil substitutes thymine" |
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| the production of proteins using DNA/RNA |
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| the process by which genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA |
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| the process of assembling polypeptides from information encoded in mRNA |
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| "the primary transcription enzyme, synthesizes RNA copies of specific sequences of DNA; initiates transcription by binding to specific regions of DNA called promoters" |
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| a combination of three mRNA nucleotides |
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| a combination of three tRNA nucleotides that are complementary to and pairs with its corresponding mRNA codon |
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| the activation of a gene that results in the formation of a protein (expressed = on) |
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| a series of genes that code for specific product and the regulatory elements that control these genes - (lac) structural genes coded for the enzymes that regulate lactose metabolism |
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| a DNA segment that serves as a binding site for an inhibitory protein that blocks transcription and prevents protein synthesis from occuring |
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| a protein that inhibits a specific gene from being expressed. |
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| a molecule that initiates gene expression |
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| sectionsof a structural gene that do not code for amino acids and therefore are not translated intro proteins |
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| "the sections of a structural gene that, when expressed, are translated into proteins" |
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| specific DNA sequences within a homeotic gene (regulatory) that regulates patterns of development |
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| malignant tumors; uncontrolled diving cells that invade and destroy healty tisssue elsewhere in the body. |
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| any substance that increases the risk of cancer |
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| the spread of cancer cells beyond their original site |
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| a gene that causes cancer or other uncontrolled cell proliferation |
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| Change in the DNA of an organism |
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| X or Y Chromosome that determine sex-linked traits |
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| a family record that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations |
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| a ring of DNA found in a bacterium in addition to its main chromosome |
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| single-chain tails of DNA which are created on each DNA segment cut by the restriction enzyme |
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| combination of DNA from two or more sources |
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| making copies of specific genes |
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| a pattern of bands made up of specific fragments from an individual's DNA |
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| restriction fragment lenth polymorphism - method of preparing a DNA fingerprint involving the extraction of DNA from a specifmen of blood or other tissue and cutting it into fragments using restriction enzymes. |
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| the complete genetic material contained in an individual |
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| (false idea) widely thought that living things could also arise from non-living things |
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| Italian Scientist (1626-1697) noticed and described the different devlopmental forms of flies. - questioned the belief of flies generating spontaneously (REF 261) |
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| French Scientist (1822-1895) who disproved the idea of spontaneous generation with his curved-necked flask |
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| (REF 264) Earth's History & Formation |
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| isotopes with unstable nuclei that tend to release particles or radiant energy |
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| the length of time it takes for one-half of any size sample of an isotope to decay (REF 265) |
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| a trace of long-dead organisms usually found in layers of sedimentary rock (REF 279) |
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| the disappearance of a specifies (REF 281) |
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| individual who indepently proposed the hypothesis that species were modified by natural selection |
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| increase in proportion of genes for favorable traits in a population |
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| process by which organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than other organisms (REF 284) |
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| similar features that originated in a shared ancestor |
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| structures that were once useful to ancestors but are not useful to the modern organism. |
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| "similar features that serve identifcal functions, and they look somewhat alike. They have different embryological development, though, and may be very different in internal anatomy." |
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| the pattern and speed of change in a species adaptation as a result from changing requirements of the environment. |
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| the change of two or more speciesin close association with each other |
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| the study of the interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components of their environment |
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| includes all the members of a species that live in one place at one time (ecology) |
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| all the interacting organisms living in an area |
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| all of the organisms and the non-living environment found in a particular place |
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| "a species' way of life, or the role the species plays in its environment (incl. range of conditions that it can tolerate, methods of obtaining resources, and the number of offspring it has (time of reprod.)" |
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| the range of resources a species actually uses. |
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| a graph of performance versus values of an environmental variable such as temperature |
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| the number of individuals the environment can support over a long period of time |
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| "factors that effect a population including resource limitations, such as shortages of food or nesting sites, and are triggered by increasing population" |
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| DENSITY-DEPENDENT FACTORS |
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| "factors that effect a population such as floods, fires, which reduce the population by the same proportion regardless of the population size." |
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| DENSITY-INDEPENDENT FACTORS |
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| mating with relatives due to small populations |
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| layer in the upper atmosphere that protects the living organisms on Earth by absorbing UV Radiation |
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| industrial chemicals that react with ozone and are destroying the ozone layer. |
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| plants that capture energy and use it to make organix molecules (autotrophs) |
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| animals/plants that obtain energy by eating other organisms or organic waste (heterotrophs) |
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| "close interactions among species (predation, parasitism, competition, mutualism, and commensalism)" |
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| a species interation that resembles predation in that one individual is harmed while the other individual benefits. |
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| a cooperative relationship in which both species derive some benefit |
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| an interaction in which one species benefits and the other is not affected. |
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| "one individual captures, kills, and consumes another individual, the prey." |
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| "a defense mechanism, where a harmless species resembles a poisonous or distasteful species." |
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| situations in which one species is eliminated from a community because of competition for the same limited resource |
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| a measure which relates the number of species in the community to the relative abundance of each species |
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| the gradual regrowth of species in an area (primary/secondary) REF 406 |
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| SUCCESSION (PRIMARY & SECONDARY) |
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| "the species that predominate early in succession -- tend to be small, fast-grwoing, and fast-reproducing." |
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| a community's resistance to change |
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| the organic material in an ecosystem |
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| the interrelated food chains in an ecosystem |
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| indicates the organism's position in the sequence of energy transfers (REF 417) |
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| the cycling of substances from abiotic portions of the environment into living things and back again |
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| the complex pathway that nitrogen follows within an ecosystem |
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| the process of converting nitrogen gas to nitrate |
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| photosynthesis and cellular respiration form the basis of this cycle |
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| very large terrrestrial ecosystems that contain a number of smaller but related ecosystems within them. |
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| communities of small organisms that drift with the ocean currents; consumed by many larger organisms |
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| the process by which plants and some types of unicellular organisms capture the energy from the sun and change it into a form of energy that can be used by living things. |
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| the production of carbohydrates by using energy from inorganic molecules |
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| "lakes that are rich in organic matter and vegetation, making the waters relatively murky" |
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| lakes that contain little organic matter; much clearer than organic-rich lakes |
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| "the most numerous organisms on Earth as well as the most anchient, they were probably the first forms of life." |
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| the grouping of eubacteria into two category using a laboratory technique |
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| the process by which two living bacteria bind together and one bacterium transfers genetic information (REF477) |
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| vaccines made of disease-causing agents that have been treated (chemically or physically) so that they can no longer cause disease) |
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| chemicals that inhibit the growth of or kill other microscopic organisms |
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| RNA viruses that contain an enzyme called reverse transcriptase in addition to RNA |
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| disease-causing agents that are the smallest known particles that are able to replicate |
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| "(cycle) when a virus invades a host cell produces new viruses, destroys the host cell, and releases newly formed viruses." |
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| (cycle) viruses that stary in their host cell for an extended period of time. |
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